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驱动初始化中自动创建设备节点

2011-08-15 19:03 211 查看
Linux是一套免费使用和自由传播的操作系统,它主要用于基于Intel系列CPU的计算机上。这个系统是由全世界各地的成千上万的程序员设计和实现的,其目的是建立不受任何商品化软件的版权制约的、全世界都能自由使用的Unix兼容产品。 设备驱动程序的时候,很多时候都是利用mknod命令手动创建设备节点,实际上Linux内核为我们提供了一组函数,可以用来在模块加载的时候自动在/dev目录下创建相应设备节点,并在卸载模块时删除该节点,当然前提条件是用户空间移植了udev。

  内核中定义了STruct class结构体,顾名思义,一个struct class结构体类型变量对应一个类,内核同时提供了class_create(…)函数,可以用它来创建一个类,这个类存放于sysfs下面,一旦创建好了这个类,再调用device_create(…)函数来在/dev目录下创建相应的设备节点。这样,加载模块的时候,用户空间中的udev会自动响应device_create(…)函数,去/sysfs下寻找对应的类从而创建设备节点。
  注意,在2.6较早的内核版本中,device_create(…)函数名称不同,是class_device_create(…),所以在新的内核中编译以前的模块程序有时会报错,就是因为函数名称不同,而且里面的参数设置也有一些变化。
  struct class和device_create(…) 以及device_create(…)都定义在/include/linux/device.h中,使用的时候一定要包含这个头文件,否则编译器会报错。
  在2.6.26.6内核版本中,struct class定义在头文件include/linux/device.h中:
  /*
  * device classes
  */
  struct class {
  coNSt char *name;
  struct
module *owner;
  nbsp;struct kset subsys;
  struct list_head devices;
  struct list_head interfaces;
  struct kset class_dirs;
  struct semaphore sem; /* locks children, devices, interfaces */
  struct class_attribute *class_attrs;
  struct device_attribute *dev_attrs;
  int (*dev_uevent)(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env);
  void (*class_release)(struct class *class);
  void (*dev_release)(struct device *dev);
  int (*suspend)(struct device *dev, pm_message_t state);
  int (*resume)(struct device *dev);
  };
  class_create(…)在/drivers/base/class.c中实现:
  /**
  * class_create - create a struct class structure
  * @owner: pointer to the module that is to "own" this struct class
  * @nAME: pointer to a string for the name of this class.
  *
  * This is used to create a struct class pointer that can then be used
  * in calls to device_create().
  *
  * Note, the pointer created here is to be destroyed when finished by
  * making a call to class_destroy().
  */
  struct class *class_create(struct module *owner, cONst char *name)
  {
  struct class *cls;
  int retval;
  cls = kzalloc(sizeof(*cls), GFP_KERNEL);
  if (!cls) {
  retval = -ENOMEM;
  goto
error;
  }
  cls->name = name;
  cls->owner = owner;
  cls->class_release = class_create_release;
  retval = class_register(cls);
  if (retval)
  goto
Error;
  return cls;
  error:
  kfree(cls);
  return ERR_PTR(retval);
  }
  第一个参数指定类的所有者是哪个模块,第二个参数指定类名。
  在class.c中,还定义了class_destroy(…)函数,用于在模块卸载时删除类。
  device_create(…)函数在/drivers/base/core.c中实现:
  /**
  * device_create - creates a device and registers it
with sysfs
  * @class: pointer to the struct class that this device should be registered to
  * @parent: pointer to the parent struct device of this new device, if any
  * @devt: the dev_t for the char device to be added
  * @fmt: string for the device's name
  *
  * This funcTIon can be used by char device classes. A struct device
  * will be created in sysfs, registered to the specified class.
  *
  * A "dev" file will be created, showing the dev_t for the device, if
  * the dev_t is not 0,0.
  * If a pointer to a parent struct device is passed in, the newly created
  * struct device will be a child of that device in sysfs.
  * The pointer to the struct device will be returned from the call.
  * Any further sysfs files that might be required can be created using this
  * pointer.
  *
  * Note: the struct class passed to this function must have previously
  * been created with a call to class_create().
  */
  struct device *device_create(struct class *class, struct device *parent,
  dev_t devt, const char *fmt, ...)
  {
  va_list vargs;
  struct device *dev;
  va_start(vargs, fmt);
  dev = device_create_vargs(class, parent, devt,
NULL, fmt, vargs);
  va_end(vargs);
  return dev;
  }
  第一个参数指定所要创建的设备所从属的类,第二个参数是这个设备的父设备,如果没有就指定为NULL,第三个参数是设备号,第四个参数是设备名称,第五个参数是从设备号。
  下面以一个简单字符设备驱动来展示如何使用这几个函数
  #include <linux/module.h>
  #include <linux/kernel.h>
  #include <linux/init.h>
  #include <linux/fs.h>
  #include <linux/cdev.h>
  #include <linux/device.h>
  MODULE_LICENSE ("GPL");
  int hello_major = 555;
  int hello_minor = 0;
  int
number_of_devices = 1;
  struct cdev cdev;
  dev_t dev = 0;
  struct file_operations hello_fops = {
  .owner = THIS_MODULE
  };
  static void char_reg_setup_cdev (void)
  {
  int error, devno = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);
  cdev_init (&cdev, &hello_fops);
  cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
  cdev.ops = &hello_fops;
  error = cdev_add (&cdev, devno , 1);
  if (error)
  printk (KERN_NOTICE "Error %d adding char_reg_setup_cdev", error);
  }
  struct class *my_class;
  static int __init hello_2_init (void)
  {
  int result;
  dev = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);
  result = register_chrdev_region (dev, number_of_devices, "hello");
  if (result<0) {
  printk (KERN_WARNING "hello: can't get major number %d\n", hello_major);
  return result;
  }
  char_reg_setup_cdev ();
  /* create your own class under /sysfs */
  my_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "my_class");
  if(IS_ERR(my_class))
  {
  printk("Err: failed in creating class.\n");
  return -1;
  }
  /* register your own device in sysfs, and this will cause udev to create corresponding device node */
  device_create( my_class, NULL, MKDEV(hello_major, 0), "hello" "%d", 0 );
  printk (KERN_INFO "Registered character driver\n");
  return 0;
  }
  static void __exit hello_2_exit (void)
  {
  dev_t devno = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);
  cdev_del (&cdev);
  device_destroy(my_class, MKDEV(adc_major, 0)); //delete device node under /dev
  class_destroy(my_class); //delete class created by us
  unregister_chrdev_region (devno, number_of_devices);
  printk (KERN_INFO "char driver cleaned up\n");
  }
  module_init (hello_2_init);
  module_exit (hello_2_exit);
  这样,模块加载后,就能在/dev目录下找到hello0这个设备节点了。
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