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流媒体相关基本概念

2008-06-11 15:54 357 查看
名词解释

WMV(Windows Media Video)是微软推出的一种流媒体格式,它是在“同门”的ASF(Advanced Stream Format)格式升级延伸来得。在同等视频质量下,WMV格式的体积非常小,因此很适合在网上播放和传输。 asf(Advanced Streaming Format)多媒体文件格式。

3gp是一种3G流媒体的视频编码格式。

MP4等同于MPEG-4.视频格式例如AVI,ASF,MPG,WMV,编码算法:MPEG-1,MPEG-2,MPEG-4,而大多MP4播放器所支持的MPEG-4编码,又有多种衍生的编码算法:DivX、XviD、H.263、 MS MPEG-4 3688 、 Microsoft Video1 、Microsoft RLE...... MPEG全称是Moving Pictures Experts Group(动态图象专家组),是国际标准化组织(ISO)成立的专责制定有关运动图像压缩编码标准的工作组,所制定的标准是国际通用标准,叫MPEG标准。其中:MPEG1是VCD的视频图像压缩标准;MPEG2是DVD/超级VCD的视频图像压缩标准;MPEG4是网络视频图像压缩标准之一。

H.261又称为P*64,其中P为64kb/s的取值范围,是1到30的可变参数,它最初是针对在ISDN上实现电信会议应用特别是面对面的可视电话和视频会议而设计的。实际的编码算法类似于MPEG算法,但不能与后者兼容。H.261在实时编码时比MPEG所占用的CPU运算量少得多,此算法为了优化带宽占用量,引进了在图像质量与运动幅度之间的平衡折中机制,也就是说,剧烈运动的图像比相对静止的图像质量要差。因此这种方法是属于恒定码流可变质量编码而非恒定质量可变码流编码。

H.263是国际电联ITU-T的一个标准草案,是为低码流通信而设计的。但实际上这个标准可用在很宽的码流范围,而非只用于低码流应用,它在许多应用中可以认为被用于取代H.261。

MMS:MMS协议(Microsoft Media Server Protocol)是用来访问并且流式接收Windows Media服务器中.asf文件的一种协议。MMS协议用于访问Windows Media发布点上的单播内容。

RTSP(Real Time Streaming Protocol),实时流传输协议,是TCP/IP协议体系中的一个应用层协议,由哥伦比亚大学、网景和RealNetworks公司提交的IETF RFC标准。该协议定义了一对多应用程序如何有效地通过IP网络传送多媒体数据。RTSP在体系结构上位于RTP和RTCP之上,它使用TCP或RTP完成数据传输。HTTP与RTSP相比,HTTP传送HTML,而RTP传送的是多媒体数据。HTTP请求由客户机发出,服务器作出响应;使用RTSP时,客户机和服务器都可以发出请求,即RTSP可以是双向的。 实时传送协议(Real-time Transport Protocol或简写RTP)是一个网络传输协议,它是由IETF的多媒体传输工作小组1996年在RFC 1889中公布的。 RTP协议详细说明了在互联网上传递音频和视频的标准数据包格式。它一开始被设计为一个多播协议,但后来被用在很多单播应用中。RTP协议常用于流媒体系统(配合RTSP协议),视频会议和一键通(Push to Talk)系统(配合H.323或SIP),使它成为IP电话产业的技术基础。RTP协议和RTP控制协议RTCP一起使用,而且它是建立在用户数据报协议上的。

RTCP:RTP 控制协议 (RTCP:RTP Control Protocol) RTP 控制协议(RTCP)采用与数据包相同的分发机制,将控制包周期性传输到所有会话参与者中。底层协议必须提供数据和控制包的多路发送,例如使用不同的 UDP 端口号。 RTCP 主要完成四个功能服务: RTCP 提供数据分发质量反馈信息。这是 RTP 作为传输协议的部分功能并且它涉及到了其它传输协议的流控制和拥塞控制。 RTCP 为 RTP 源携带一个持久性传输层标识符,称为规范名或 CNAME 。由于一旦发现冲突或程序重启时, SSRC 标识符会随之改变,所以接收方需要 CNAME 来跟踪每一个参与者。同时接收方还要求 CNAME 能够与一组相关 RTP 会话中来自于给定参与者的多重数据流相关联,例如同步视频和音频。 上述前两个功能要求所有的参与者都要发送 RTCP 包,因此必须控制速率以便 RTP 按比例增加大量的参与者。通过每一个参与者发送各自的控制包给其它所有参与者,每一个参与者能够独立观察到参与者数量,该数量可用来计算控制包的发送速率。

IMS,即IP Multimedia Subsystem,中文意义为IP多媒体子系统,本质上说是一种网络结构。该项技术植根于移动领域,最初是3GPP为移动网络定义的,而在NGN的框架下,IMS应同时支持固定接入和移动接入。目前涵盖IMS增强特性的3GPPR6已经基本冻结,这标志着IMS技术已经走向成熟。 mbms在第三代移动通信领域,所谓MBMS 是“Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service”的简称,中文名是多媒体广播多播业务。 MBMS是手机电视业务的技术基石

Elementary Stream在MPEG-2中,包含经过编码的图象、声音或数据的比特流称为基本流ES(Elementary Stream),它只包含一种类型的数据(音频、视频或者字幕),我们常说的“音频”、“视频”或者“比特流”所指的就是Elementary Stream,其的格式一般只由所包含的数据决定(比如视频的codec)。

Packetized Elementary StreamES经打包后就成为包基本流PES(Packetized Elementary Stream),它可以和另外1个PES合成1个传输流TS。每个PES都被打包成一个个188byte长的TS数据包。需要指出的是,传输流TS并不是由节目流PS组成的,而是由PES复接成的。1个TS可以包含几个独立的节目,其中的每个PES都带有一个包识别符PID(Packetized Identifier),这样,一个特定节目的所有TS包就可由PID从传输流中提取出来。同时,可以向现有的传输流添加新的节目。

Transport Stream由ISO/IEC Standard 13818-1定义的一种容器格式,设计用于音、视频的复接和同步输出。TS提供在不可靠介质(网络)上传输数据的故障恢复能力,被广泛用于广播电视系统中,如DVB和ATSC。

Program Stream由ISO/IEC Standard 13818-1定义的一种容器格式,一般被用于可靠介质上(如 DVD光盘)的数据传输。http://www.vbrick.net/的一篇文章把Transport Stream和Program Stream各自的特点以及适用的场合等问题讲得颇为生动,我把它贴过来(有所修改,去掉了广告:))。

We are talking about how MPEG-2 is delivered, NOT how it is encoded. So whether a video is Transport Stream or Program Stream has nothing to do with the quality of the video encoding or the MPEG-2 GOP structure. In other words, a beautiful woman can arrive at a party via a car, truck, or bus and she would still be a beautiful woman. So the format for delivery is independent of the content.Why are there two formats? Well, because there are conflicting applications. If you want to save MPEG-2 to a file on your computer, you are not very concerned about transmission. If you want to transmit MPEG-2, you are not very concerned with file format. Happily, the MPEG-2 standards address both.Unfortunately, we have some trouble with language. The word "Program" could mean "what I'm watching on TV", or it could mean "a channel", or it could mean "a specific format". We are talking about the format, and to avoid confusion, I'll try to use the word "content" when talking about the MPEG-2 audio/video. But you need to be aware that different industries use the term "Program" in different ways!It is very important to point out that "Program Stream" has a very specific meaning. MPEG-2 has two different multiplexing schemes: Program Stream and Transport Stream. The Program Streams are mostly used in storage applications. Broadcast usage commonly uses the Transport Stream format. If you have one content channel (one program), it does NOT imply that the stream that carries the program would be a Program Stream. In broadcast usage it would be a so-called Single Program Transport Stream (as defined by ISO 13818-1): a multiplexed collection of concatenated Program Streams without beginning or end. An MPEG-2 Program Stream contains one, and only one, content channel. A Program Stream is like a single-passenger car without shock absorbers: drive it on a smooth road. An MPEG-2 Transport Stream can contain one or more content channels. A Transport Stream is like a high end car or bus: it can carry one or more passengers and has a good suspension system that can handle the bumps in the road. Authoring tools, such as Adobe, Avid, ULead, Media100, can produce MPEG-2 Program Streams (usually with 3rd party plug-ins). This is because the intended applications are the creation of files for distribution on disk, including DVD. Some vendors like to stream Program Streams directly...but this is not a good solution because it is not compliant with the broadcast industry, Set Top Boxes, and is error prone. In the DVB (satellite TV) world, a satellite needs to deliver, via radio, one stream to subscribers. That one stream needs to carry many TV channels. To do this, the many channels are multiplexed into a Transport Stream. The receiver actually receives all of the channels at once (it has no choice!), but it only demultiplexes and then decodes the selected content, one at a time, from the delivered Transport Stream. When sending MPEG over IP, there is less value in having one Transport Stream that contains multiple content channels. It is more useful, flexible, and uses less bandwidth when each content channel has its own IP multicast address. Commercial broadcasters and cable companies use Transport Stream format for delivery of content to Set Top Boxes. In a mixed, streaming-to-the-desktop, and STB world, it is better to use only one format which takes you to Transport Stream. So, which is "better", Transport Stream or Program Stream? The answer is Transport Stream if you are talking about streaming, and Program if you are talking about authoring.
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