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axios常见传参方式及基本使用

2020-08-10 11:19 1586 查看

1:get请求

一般发送请求是这么写

axios.get('/user?id=12345&name=user')
.then(function (res) {
console.log(res);
}).catch(function (err) {
console.log(err);
});

但是为了方便全局统一调用封装的axios

axios.get('/user', {  //params参数必写 , 如果没有参数传{}也可以
params: {
id: 12345,
name: user
}
})
.then(function (res) {
console.log(res);
})
.catch(function (err) {
console.log(err);
});

2.post/put/patch请求

(1) 传参格式为 formData

(全局请求头:‘Content-Type’= ‘application/x-www-form-urlencoded’)
(request的Header:‘Content-Type’= ‘multipart/form-data’)

var formData=new FormData();
formData.append('user',123456);
formData.append('pass',12345678);

axios.post("/notice",formData)
.then((res) => {return res})
.catch((err) => {return err})

(2) 传参格式为 query 形式

(全局请求头:‘Content-Type’= ‘application/x-www-form-urlencoded’)
(request的Header:‘Content-Type’= ‘application/x-www-form-urlencoded’)

  • 第一种情况:使用$qs.stringify
import Qs from 'qs'   //引入方式
Vue.prototype.$qs = Qs  //全局加载
this.$qs.stringify(data);  //使用方式
this.$qs.parse(data);  //使用方式

var readyData=this.$qs.stringify({
id:1234,
name:user
});
axios.post("/notice",readyData)
.then((res) => {return res})
.catch((err) => {return err})

更多qs功能参考https://www.npmjs.com/package/qs

  • 第二种情况:使用URLSearchParams

在浏览器中,您可以使用URLSearchParams API,如下所示:

var params = new URLSearchParams();
params.append('param1', 'value1');
params.append('param2', 'value2');
axios.post('/foo', params);

注意:所有浏览器都不支持URLSearchParams,但是有一个polyfill可用(确保polyfill全局环境)。

(3) 传参格式为 raw (JSON格式)

  • 第一种情况: axios将JavaScript对象序列化为JSON

(全局请求头:‘Content-Type’= ‘application/x-www-form-urlencoded’)
(request的Header:‘Content-Type’= ‘application/json;charset=UTF-8’)

var readyData={
id:1234,
name:user
};
axios.post("/notice",readyData)
.then((res) => {return res})
.catch((err) => {return err})
  • 第二种情况:

(全局请求头:‘Content-Type’= ‘application/json;charset=UTF-8’)
(request的Header:‘Content-Type’= ‘application/json;charset=UTF-8’)

var readyData=JSON.stringify({
id:1234,
name:user
});
axios.post("/notice",readyData)
.then((res) => {return res})
.catch((err) => {return err})

URLSearchParams.append()用法及代码示例

在URLSearchParams界面中,append()方法添加用户指定的键/值对。句法:

URLSearchParams.append(name, value)

参数:
name-输入要附加的参数名称
value-输入要附加的参数值

Example1:

let url = new URL('https://example.com?par=1&par1=3');
let params = new URLSearchParams(url.search.slice(1));

//Add a second par parameter.
params.append('bar', 5);
console.log(url);

输出:

https://example.com?par=1&par1=3&bar=5

Example2:

let url = new URL('https://example.com?par=1');
let params = new URLSearchParams(url.search.slice(1));

//Add a second par parameter.
params.append('bar', 2);
console.log(url);

输出:

https://example.com?par=1&bar=2

本人对网络请求这块除了会get、put、post和delete这四个方法之外知之甚少,刚好补全上。
注意:Vue官方推荐的网络通信库不再是vue-resource了,推荐使用axios。
axios安装
npm:

$ npm install axios

bower:

$ bower install axios

Using cdn:

<script src="https://unpkg.com/axios/dist/axios.min.js"></script>

GET请求

// Make a request for a user with a given ID
axios.get('/user?ID=12345')
.then(function (response) {
console.log(response);
})
.catch(function (error) {
console.log(error);
});

// Optionally the request above could also be done as
axios.get('/user', {
params: {
ID: 12345
}
})
.then(function (response) {
console.log(response);
})
.catch(function (error) {
console.log(error);
});

即第一个参数是:url, 第二个参数就是一个配置对象,我们可以在配置对象中设置 params 来传递参数。

POST请求

axios.post('/user', {
firstName: 'Fred',
lastName: 'Flintstone'
})
.then(function (response) {
console.log(response);
})
.catch(function (error) {
console.log(error);
});

同时执行多个请求

function getUserAccount() {
return axios.get('/user/12345');
}

function getUserPermissions() {
return axios.get('/user/12345/permissions');
}

axios.all([getUserAccount(), getUserPermissions()])
.then(axios.spread(function (acct, perms) {
// Both requests are now complete
}));

注意: 对于post请求,一般情况下,第一个参数是url,第二个参数是要发送的请求体的数据,第三个参数是对请求的配置。

为什么get没有第二个参数作为传递的查询字符串,而post有第二个参数作为post的数据。
因为get可以没有查询字符串,也可以get请求,但是post必须要有post的数据,要不然就没有使用post的必要了。

axios API

可以直接通过config来完成请求
axios(config)

axios({
method: 'post',
url: '/user/12345',
data: {
firstName: 'Fred',
lastName: 'Flintstone'
}
});

axios(url, [config])

// Send a GET request (default method)
axios('/user/12345');

请求方法别名

下面是axios支持的所有请求方法别名,便于各种请求。
注:[…]中的数据表示可以为空。url是ajax请求地址;data是提交的数据对象;config是配置对象,所有ajax配置都可以在config中实现。

  • axios.request(config)
  • axios.get(url[, config])
  • axios.delete(url[, config])
    axios.head(url[, config])
    axios.post(url[, data[, config]])
    axios.put(url[, data[, config]])
    axios.patch(url[, data[, config]])

并发性

下列接口用于处理并发请求(同时处理多个多个request)

  • axios.all(iterable)
  • axios.spread(callback)

axios实例

可以用自定义的config创建一个axios实例
axios.create([config])

var instance = axios.create({
baseURL: 'https://some-domain.com/api/',
timeout: 1000,
headers: {'X-Custom-Header': 'foobar'}
});

实例方法

下面是实例的所有可用方法,方法中的config会与axios实例中的config合并。(实例可以将一些通用的config先配置好)

  • axios#request(config)
  • axios#get(url, [config])
  • axios#delete(url, [config])
    axios#head(url, [config])
    axios#post(url[, data[, config]])
    axios#put(url[, data[, config]])
    axios#patch(url[, data[, config]])

Config

重点来了,来看看Config。
下面列出了config的所有配置项,其中之后url是必填的。当method没有指定方法,默认为GET

{
// `url` is the server URL that will be used for the request
// 用来向服务器发送请求的url
url: '/user',

// `method` is the request method to be used when making the request
// 请求方法
method: 'get', // default

// `baseURL` will be prepended to `url` unless `url` is absolute.
// It can be convenient to set `baseURL` for an instance of axios to pass relative URLs
// to methods of that instance.
// 假如`url`不是绝对路径,那么向服务器发送请求的URL将是`baseURL + url`
baseURL: 'https://some-domain.com/api/',

// `transformRequest` allows changes to the request data before it is sent to the server
// This is only applicable for request methods 'PUT', 'POST', and 'PATCH'
// The last function in the array must return a string, an ArrayBuffer, or a Stream
transformRequest: [function (data) {
// Do whatever you want to transform the data

return data;
}],

// `transformResponse` allows changes to the response data to be made before
// it is passed to then/catch
transformResponse: [function (data) {
// Do whatever you want to transform the data

return data;
}],

// `headers` are custom headers to be sent
headers: {'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'},

// `params` are the URL parameters to be sent with the request
// Must be a plain object or a URLSearchParams object
params: {
ID: 12345
},

// `paramsSerializer` is an optional function in charge of serializing `params`
// (e.g. https://www.npmjs.com/package/qs, http://api.jquery.com/jquery.param/)
paramsSerializer: function(params) {
return Qs.stringify(params, {arrayFormat: 'brackets'})
},

// `data` is the data to be sent as the request body
// Only applicable for request methods 'PUT', 'POST', and 'PATCH'
// When no `transformRequest` is set, must be of one of the following types:
// - string, plain object, ArrayBuffer, ArrayBufferView, URLSearchParams
// - Browser only: FormData, File, Blob
// - Node only: Stream
data: {
firstName: 'Fred'
},

// `timeout` specifies the number of milliseconds before the request times out.
// If the request takes longer than `timeout`, the request will be aborted.
timeout: 1000,

// `withCredentials` indicates whether or not cross-site Access-Control requests
// should be made using credentials
withCredentials: false, // default

// `adapter` allows custom handling of requests which makes testing easier.
// Return a promise and supply a valid response (see [response docs](#response-api)).
adapter: function (config) {
/* ... */
},

// `auth` indicates that HTTP Basic auth should be used, and supplies credentials.
// This will set an `Authorization` header, overwriting any existing
// `Authorization` custom headers you have set using `headers`.
auth: {
username: 'janedoe',
password: 's00pers3cret'
},

// `responseType` indicates the type of data that the server will respond with
// options are 'arraybuffer', 'blob', 'document', 'json', 'text', 'stream'
responseType: 'json', // default

// `xsrfCookieName` is the name of the cookie to use as a value for xsrf token
xsrfCookieName: 'XSRF-TOKEN', // default

// `xsrfHeaderName` is the name of the http header that carries the xsrf token value
xsrfHeaderName: 'X-XSRF-TOKEN', // default

// `onUploadProgress` allows handling of progress events for uploads
onUploadProgress: function (progressEvent) {
// Do whatever you want with the native progress event
},

// `onDownloadProgress` allows handling of progress events for downloads
onDownloadProgress: function (progressEvent) {
// Do whatever you want with the native progress event
},

// `maxContentLength` defines the max size of the http response content allowed
maxContentLength: 2000,

// `validateStatus` defines whether to resolve or reject the promise for a given
// HTTP response status code. If `validateStatus` returns `true` (or is set to `null`
// or `undefined`), the promise will be resolved; otherwise, the promise will be
// rejected.
validateStatus: function (status) {
return status >= 200 && status < 300; // default
},

// `maxRedirects` defines the maximum number of redirects to follow in node.js.
// If set to 0, no redirects will be followed.
maxRedirects: 5, // default

// `httpAgent` and `httpsAgent` define a custom agent to be used when performing http
// and https requests, respectively, in node.js. This allows to configure options like
// `keepAlive` that are not enabled by default.
httpAgent: new http.Agent({ keepAlive: true }),
httpsAgent: new https.Agent({ keepAlive: true }),

// 'proxy' defines the hostname and port of the proxy server
// `auth` indicates that HTTP Basic auth should be used to connect to the proxy, and supplies credentials.
// This will set an `Proxy-Authorization` header, overwriting any existing `Proxy-Authorization` custom headers you have set using `headers`.
proxy: {
host: '127.0.0.1',
port: 9000,
auth: : {
username: 'mikeymike',
password: 'rapunz3l'
}
},

// `cancelToken` specifies a cancel token that can be used to cancel the request
// (see Cancellation section below for details)
cancelToken: new CancelToken(function (cancel) {
})
}

分析Config

配置参数很多,我们一个一个来了解它们

url —— 用来向服务器发送请求的url
method —— 请求方法,默认是GET方法
baseURL —— 基础URL路径,假如url不是绝对路径,如https://some-domain.com/api/v1/login?name=jack,那么向服务器发送请求的URL将会是baseURL + url。
transformRequest —— transformRequest方法允许在请求发送到服务器之前修改该请求,此方法只适用于PUT、POST和PATCH方法中。而且,此方法最后必须返回一个string、ArrayBuffer或者Stream。
transformResponse —— transformResponse方法允许在数据传递到then/catch之前修改response数据。此方法最后也要返回数据。
headers —— 发送自定义Headers头文件,头文件中包含了http请求的各种信息。
params —— params是发送请求的查询参数对象,对象中的数据会被拼接成url?param1=value1&param2=value2。
paramsSerializer —— params参数序列化器。
data —— data是在发送POST、PUT或者PATCH请求的数据对象。
timeout —— 请求超时设置,单位为毫秒
withCredentials —— 表明是否有跨域请求需要用到证书
adapter —— adapter允许用户处理更易于测试的请求。返回一个Promise和一个有效的response
auth —— auth表明提供凭证用于完成http的身份验证。这将会在headers中设置一个Authorization授权信息。自定义Authorization授权要设置在headers中。
responseType —— 表示服务器将返回响应的数据类型,有arraybuffer、blob、document、json、text、stream这6个类型,默认是json类似数据。
xsrfCookieName —— 用作 xsrf token 值的 cookie 名称
xsrfHeaderName —— 带有 xsrf token 值 http head 名称
onUploadProgress —— 允许在上传过程中的做一些操作
onDownloadProgress —— 允许在下载过程中的做一些操作
maxContentLength —— 定义了接收到的response响应数据的最大长度。
validateStatus —— validateStatus定义了根据HTTP响应状态码决定是否接收或拒绝获取到的promise。如果 validateStatus 返回 true (或设置为 null 或 undefined ),promise将被接收;否则,promise将被拒绝。
maxRedirects —— maxRedirects定义了在node.js中redirect的最大值,如果设置为0,则没有redirect。
httpAgent —— 定义在使用http请求时的代理
httpsAgent —— 定义在使用https请求时的代理
proxy —— proxy定义代理服务器的主机名和端口,auth
cancelToken —— cancelToken定义一个 cancel token 用于取消请求

Response

当我们ajax获取数据成功后会返回一个response对象,它包含了以下内容:

{
// `data` is the response that was provided by the server
data: {},

// `status` is the HTTP status code from the server response
status: 200,

// `statusText` is the HTTP status message from the server response
statusText: 'OK',

// `headers` the headers that the server responded with
headers: {},

// `config` is the config that was provided to `axios` for the request
config: {}
}

response是通过promise的then方法来获取,具体使用方法如下:

axios.get('/user/12345')
.then(function(response) {
console.log(response.data);
console.log(response.status);
console.log(response.statusText);
console.log(response.headers);
console.log(response.config);
});

相对的,我们有时也会出现ajax报错,此时就会到我们的catch中去捕获异常error对象

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