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Linux系列之学会使用CURL命令

2020-07-21 04:04 627 查看

Linux系列之学会使用CURL命令

  • 二. 查询使用手册
  • 三. 提取网页
  • 四. 用curl进行认证
  • 五. 文件操作
  • 六. Cookie设置
  • 七. curl RESTFul
  • 八. CURL参考资料
  • curl命令是一个利用URL规则在shell终端命令行下工作的文件传输工具;curl命令作为一款强力工具,curl支持包括HTTP、HTTPS、ftp等众多协议,还支持POST、cookies、认证、从指定偏移处下载部分文件、用户代理字符串、限速、文件大小、进度条等特征;做网页处理流程和数据检索自动化。

    语法:

    语法格式:curl [参数] [网址]

    一. 查看帮助

    1.1 查看命令参数

    curl的参数很多,可以用命令

    curl --help
    查看:

    [root@localhost ~]# curl --help
    Usage: curl [options...] <url>
    Options: (H) means HTTP/HTTPS only, (F) means FTP only
    --anyauth       Pick "any" authentication method (H)
    -a, --append        Append to target file when uploading (F/SFTP)
    --basic         Use HTTP Basic Authentication (H)
    --cacert FILE   CA certificate to verify peer against (SSL)
    --capath DIR    CA directory to verify peer against (SSL)
    -E, --cert CERT[:PASSWD] Client certificate file and password (SSL)
    --cert-type TYPE Certificate file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
    --ciphers LIST  SSL ciphers to use (SSL)
    --compressed    Request compressed response (using deflate or gzip)
    -K, --config FILE   Specify which config file to read
    --connect-timeout SECONDS  Maximum time allowed for connection
    -C, --continue-at OFFSET  Resumed transfer offset
    -b, --cookie STRING/FILE  String or file to read cookies from (H)
    -c, --cookie-jar FILE  Write cookies to this file after operation (H)
    --create-dirs   Create necessary local directory hierarchy
    --crlf          Convert LF to CRLF in upload
    --crlfile FILE  Get a CRL list in PEM format from the given file
    -d, --data DATA     HTTP POST data (H)
    --data-ascii DATA  HTTP POST ASCII data (H)
    --data-binary DATA  HTTP POST binary data (H)
    --data-urlencode DATA  HTTP POST data url encoded (H)
    --delegation STRING GSS-API delegation permission
    --digest        Use HTTP Digest Authentication (H)
    --disable-eprt  Inhibit using EPRT or LPRT (F)
    --disable-epsv  Inhibit using EPSV (F)
    -D, --dump-header FILE  Write the headers to this file
    --egd-file FILE  EGD socket path for random data (SSL)
    --engine ENGINGE  Crypto engine (SSL). "--engine list" for list
    -f, --fail          Fail silently (no output at all) on HTTP errors (H)
    -F, --form CONTENT  Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)
    --form-string STRING  Specify HTTP multipart POST data (H)
    --ftp-account DATA  Account data string (F)
    --ftp-alternative-to-user COMMAND  String to replace "USER [name]" (F)
    --ftp-create-dirs  Create the remote dirs if not present (F)
    --ftp-method [MULTICWD/NOCWD/SINGLECWD] Control CWD usage (F)
    --ftp-pasv      Use PASV/EPSV instead of PORT (F)
    -P, --ftp-port ADR  Use PORT with given address instead of PASV (F)
    --ftp-skip-pasv-ip Skip the IP address for PASV (F)
    --ftp-pret      Send PRET before PASV (for drftpd) (F)
    --ftp-ssl-ccc   Send CCC after authenticating (F)
    --ftp-ssl-ccc-mode ACTIVE/PASSIVE  Set CCC mode (F)
    --ftp-ssl-control Require SSL/TLS for ftp login, clear for transfer (F)
    -G, --get           Send the -d data with a HTTP GET (H)
    -g, --globoff       Disable URL sequences and ranges using {} and []
    -H, --header LINE   Custom header to pass to server (H)
    -I, --head          Show document info only
    -h, --help          This help text
    --hostpubmd5 MD5  Hex encoded MD5 string of the host public key. (SSH)
    -0, --http1.0       Use HTTP 1.0 (H)
    --ignore-content-length  Ignore the HTTP Content-Length header
    -i, --include       Include protocol headers in the output (H/F)
    -k, --insecure      Allow connections to SSL sites without certs (H)
    --interface INTERFACE  Specify network interface/address to use
    -4, --ipv4          Resolve name to IPv4 address
    -6, --ipv6          Resolve name to IPv6 address
    -j, --junk-session-cookies Ignore session cookies read from file (H)
    --keepalive-time SECONDS  Interval between keepalive probes
    --key KEY       Private key file name (SSL/SSH)
    --key-type TYPE Private key file type (DER/PEM/ENG) (SSL)
    --krb LEVEL     Enable Kerberos with specified security level (F)
    --libcurl FILE  Dump libcurl equivalent code of this command line
    --limit-rate RATE  Limit transfer speed to this rate
    -l, --list-only     List only names of an FTP directory (F)
    --local-port RANGE  Force use of these local port numbers
    -L, --location      Follow redirects (H)
    --location-trusted like --location and send auth to other hosts (H)
    -M, --manual        Display the full manual
    --mail-from FROM  Mail from this address
    --mail-rcpt TO  Mail to this receiver(s)
    --mail-auth AUTH  Originator address of the original email
    --max-filesize BYTES  Maximum file size to download (H/F)
    --max-redirs NUM  Maximum number of redirects allowed (H)
    -m, --max-time SECONDS  Maximum time allowed for the transfer
    --metalink      Process given URLs as metalink XML file
    --negotiate     Use HTTP Negotiate Authentication (H)
    -n, --netrc         Must read .netrc for user name and password
    --netrc-optional Use either .netrc or URL; overrides -n
    --netrc-file FILE  Set up the netrc filename to use
    -N, --no-buffer     Disable buffering of the output stream
    --no-keepalive  Disable keepalive use on the connection
    --no-sessionid  Disable SSL session-ID reusing (SSL)
    --noproxy       List of hosts which do not use proxy
    --ntlm          Use HTTP NTLM authentication (H)
    -o, --output FILE   Write output to <file> instead of stdout
    --pass PASS     Pass phrase for the private key (SSL/SSH)
    --post301       Do not switch to GET after following a 301 redirect (H)
    --post302       Do not switch to GET after following a 302 redirect (H)
    --post303       Do not switch to GET after following a 303 redirect (H)
    -#, --progress-bar  Display transfer progress as a progress bar
    --proto PROTOCOLS  Enable/disable specified protocols
    --proto-redir PROTOCOLS  Enable/disable specified protocols on redirect
    -x, --proxy [PROTOCOL://]HOST[:PORT] Use proxy on given port
    --proxy-anyauth Pick "any" proxy authentication method (H)
    --proxy-basic   Use Basic authentication on the proxy (H)
    --proxy-digest  Use Digest authentication on the proxy (H)
    --proxy-negotiate Use Negotiate authentication on the proxy (H)
    --proxy-ntlm    Use NTLM authentication on the proxy (H)
    -U, --proxy-user USER[:PASSWORD]  Proxy user and password
    --proxy1.0 HOST[:PORT]  Use HTTP/1.0 proxy on given port
    -p, --proxytunnel   Operate through a HTTP proxy tunnel (using CONNECT)
    --pubkey KEY    Public key file name (SSH)
    -Q, --quote CMD     Send command(s) to server before transfer (F/SFTP)
    --random-file FILE  File for reading random data from (SSL)
    -r, --range RANGE   Retrieve only the bytes within a range
    --raw           Do HTTP "raw", without any transfer decoding (H)
    -e, --referer       Referer URL (H)
    -J, --remote-header-name Use the header-provided filename (H)
    -O, --remote-name   Write output to a file named as the remote file
    --remote-name-all Use the remote file name for all URLs
    -R, --remote-time   Set the remote file's time on the local output
    -X, --request COMMAND  Specify request command to use
    --resolve HOST:PORT:ADDRESS  Force resolve of HOST:PORT to ADDRESS
    --retry NUM   Retry request NUM times if transient problems occur
    --retry-delay SECONDS When retrying, wait this many seconds between each
    --retry-max-time SECONDS  Retry only within this period
    -S, --show-error    Show error. With -s, make curl show errors when they occur
    -s, --silent        Silent mode. Don't output anything
    --socks4 HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS4 proxy on given host + port
    --socks4a HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS4a proxy on given host + port
    --socks5 HOST[:PORT]  SOCKS5 proxy on given host + port
    --socks5-hostname HOST[:PORT] SOCKS5 proxy, pass host name to proxy
    --socks5-gssapi-service NAME  SOCKS5 proxy service name for gssapi
    --socks5-gssapi-nec  Compatibility with NEC SOCKS5 server
    -Y, --speed-limit RATE  Stop transfers below speed-limit for 'speed-time' secs
    -y, --speed-time SECONDS  Time for trig speed-limit abort. Defaults to 30
    --ssl           Try SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
    --ssl-reqd      Require SSL/TLS (FTP, IMAP, POP3, SMTP)
    -2, --sslv2         Use SSLv2 (SSL)
    -3, --sslv3         Use SSLv3 (SSL)
    --ssl-allow-beast Allow security flaw to improve interop (SSL)
    --stderr FILE   Where to redirect stderr. - means stdout
    --tcp-nodelay   Use the TCP_NODELAY option
    -t, --telnet-option OPT=VAL  Set telnet option
    --tftp-blksize VALUE  Set TFTP BLKSIZE option (must be >512)
    -z, --time-cond TIME  Transfer based on a time condition
    -1, --tlsv1         Use => TLSv1 (SSL)
    --tlsv1.0       Use TLSv1.0 (SSL)
    --tlsv1.1       Use TLSv1.1 (SSL)
    --tlsv1.2       Use TLSv1.2 (SSL)
    --trace FILE    Write a debug trace to the given file
    --trace-ascii FILE  Like --trace but without the hex output
    --trace-time    Add time stamps to trace/verbose output
    --tr-encoding   Request compressed transfer encoding (H)
    -T, --upload-file FILE  Transfer FILE to destination
    --url URL       URL to work with
    -B, --use-ascii     Use ASCII/text transfer
    -u, --user USER[:PASSWORD]  Server user and password
    --tlsuser USER  TLS username
    --tlspassword STRING TLS password
    --tlsauthtype STRING  TLS authentication type (default SRP)
    -A, --user-agent STRING  User-Agent to send to server (H)
    -v, --verbose       Make the operation more talkative
    -V, --version       Show version number and quit
    -w, --write-out FORMAT  What to output after completion
    --xattr        Store metadata in extended file attributes
    -q                 If used as the first parameter disables .curlrc

    国内翻译过来的curl文档:curl参数介绍

    二. 查询使用手册

    2.1 查看详细使用

    也可以使用

    curl --manual
    查看基本用法例子:

    三. 提取网页

    3.1 查看网页源码

    语法:

    curl uri

    [root@localhost ~]# curl www.baidu.com
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>百度一下,你就知道</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=百度一下 class="bg s_btn"></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>新闻</a> <a href=http://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>地图</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>视频</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>贴吧</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&amp;tpl=mn&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>登录</a> </noscript> <script>document.write('<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u='+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ '" name="tj_login" class="lb">登录</a>');</script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">更多产品</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>关于百度</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>&copy;2017&nbsp;Baidu&nbsp;<a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使用百度前必读</a>&nbsp; <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>意见反馈</a>&nbsp;京ICP证030173号&nbsp; <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> &
    1ae22
    lt;/body> </html>

    3.2 显示头信息

    curl -i https://www.baidu.com

    打印信息:

    [root@localhost ~]# curl -i https://www.baiud.com
    curl: (7) Failed connect to www.baiud.com:443; Connection refused
    [root@localhost ~]# curl -i https://www.baidu.comHTTP/1.1 200 OK
    Accept-Ranges: bytes
    Cache-Control: private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform
    Connection: keep-alive
    Content-Length: 2443
    Content-Type: text/html
    Date: Mon, 13 Jul 2020 07:22:02 GMT
    Etag: "588603eb-98b"
    Last-Modified: Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:23:55 GMT
    Pragma: no-cache
    Server: bfe/1.0.8.18
    Set-Cookie: BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.baidu.com; path=/
    ...
    

    3.3 显示通信过程

    curl -v www.baidu.com
    curl -v www.baidu.com* About to connect() to www.baidu.com port 80 (#0)
    *   Trying 182.61.200.7...
    * Connected to www.baidu.com (182.61.200.7) port 80 (#0)
    > GET / HTTP/1.1
    > User-Agent: curl/7.29.0
    > Host: www.baidu.com
    > Accept: */*
    >
    < HTTP/1.1 200 OK
    < Accept-Ranges: bytes
    < Cache-Control: private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform
    < Connection: keep-alive
    < Content-Length: 2381
    < Content-Type: text/html
    < Date: Mon, 13 Jul 2020 07:24:46 GMT
    < Etag: "588604c8-94d"
    < Last-Modified: Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:27:36 GMT
    < Pragma: no-cache
    < Server: bfe/1.0.8.18
    < Set-Cookie: BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.baidu.com; path=/
    <
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    ...
    

    3.4 查看议定书

    [root@localhost ~]# curl --trace-ascii output.txt https://www.baidu.com

    3.5 查看时间

    curl --trace-ascii output.txt --trace-time https://www.baidu.com

    四. 用curl进行认证

    4.1 referer设置

    referer参数描述了一个网页的来源,可以按F12调试模式,查看:

    访问百度时候,加上referer为csdn:

    [root@localhost ~]# curl --referer https://blog.csdn.net https://www.baidu.com

    4.2 用户代理设置

    用户代理常被用于兼容ie,有时,您会看到获取带有curl的页面不会返回与使用浏览器获取页面时看到的页面相同的页面,这时候可以设置用户代理:

    curl www.baidu.com --user-agent "Mozilla/5.0"
    curl www.baidu.com -A "Mozilla/5.0"

    4.3 用户信息校验

    比如登录百度,可以用-u参数,接着会提示输入密码

    [root@localhost ~]# curl -u admin https://www.baidu.net/
    Enter host password for user 'admin':

    五. 文件操作

    5.1 保存文件

    语法:

    curl -o filename uri

    [root@localhost ~]# curl -o baidu.html www.baidu.com
    % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
    Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
    100  2381  100  2381    0     0  22761      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 22894

    5.2 文件下载

    语法:

    curl uri filename --silent|progress

    • –silent:不显示进度条
    • –progress:显示进度条
    [root@localhost ~]# curl https://avatar.csdnimg.cn/3/5/E/1_meituantech_1564971608.jpg -omeituan.jpg --progress
    ######################################################################## 100.0%

    5.3 上传文件

    语法:

    $ curl --form upload=@localfilename --form press=OK 
    

    6.3 指定cookie文件

    也可以用–cookie-jar指定cookie文件

    [root@localhost ~]# curl www.baidu.com --cookie-jar cookie_file


    指定可下载的最大文件大小,可以用命令–limit-rate

    [root@localhost ~]# curl www.baidu.com --limit-rate 50k

    七. curl RESTFul

    7.1 RESTFul API

    curl支持RESTFul API格式的,所以先补充一些RESTFul API知识:

    • GET 请求:获取服务器中的对象

      相当于SQL的Select命令
    • GET /blogs:列出所有博客信息
  • POST 请求:在服务器上新增对象

      相当于SQL的Update命令
    • POST /blogs/ID:新增指定的博客信息
  • PUT 请求:在服务器上更新对象

      相当于SQL的Create命令
    • PUT /blogs/ID:更新一个博客信息
  • DELETE 请求:删除服务器中的对象

      相当于SQL的Delete命令
    • DELETE /blogs/ID:删除指定的博客
  • HEAD 请求:仅仅用于获取对象的基础信息

  • 7.2 POST请求

    ps:-H指定请求header,-d指定参数

    • CURL POST:
    [root@localhost ~]# curl -H "Content-Type:application/json" -X POST localhost:9200/company/employees/1 -d '{"id" :1,"name":"admin","password":"123"}'

    7.3 GET请求

    • CURL GET:
    [root@localhost ~]# curl -X GET localhost:9200/company/employees/1?pretty=true

    7.4 DELETE请求

    • CURL DELETE:
    [root@localhost ~]# curl -X DELETE localhost:9200/company/employees/1

    7.5 PUT请求

    • CURL PUT:
    curl -H "Content-Type:application/json" -X PUT localhost:9200/company/employees/1 -d '{"id" :1,"name":"admin","password":"111"}'

    curl默认是GET方式请求url的,要调POST等接口,必须加上-X参数指定

    八. CURL参考资料

    CURL 官网教程:https://curl.haxx.se/docs/httpscripting.html" target=_blank>[/code]

    [root@localhost ~]# curl --form upload=@baidu.html --form press=OK url

    六. Cookie设置

    6.1 设置cookie

    设置cookie,可以用命令

    --cookie

    6.2 cookie -b -c

    -c cookie-file
    可以保存服务器返回的cookie到文件,
    -b cookie-file
    可以使用这个文件作为cookie信息,进行后续的请求。

    $ curl -c cookies http://example.com
    $ curl -b cookies http://example.com
    [root@localhost ~]# curl -c "name=cookiename" www.baidu.com

    6.3 指定cookie文件

    也可以用–cookie-jar指定cookie文件

    [root@localhost ~]# curl www.baidu.com --cookie-jar cookie_file


    指定可下载的最大文件大小,可以用命令–limit-rate

    [root@localhost ~]# curl www.baidu.com --limit-rate 50k

    七. curl RESTFul

    7.1 RESTFul API

    curl支持RESTFul API格式的,所以先补充一些RESTFul API知识:

    • GET 请求:获取服务器中的对象

      相当于SQL的Select命令
    • GET /blogs:列出所有博客信息
  • POST 请求:在服务器上新增对象

      相当于SQL的Update命令
    • POST /blogs/ID:新增指定的博客信息
  • PUT 请求:在服务器上更新对象

      相当于SQL的Create命令
    • PUT /blogs/ID:更新一个博客信息
  • DELETE 请求:删除服务器中的对象

      相当于SQL的Delete命令
    • DELETE /blogs/ID:删除指定的博客
  • HEAD 请求:仅仅用于获取对象的基础信息

  • 7.2 POST请求

    ps:-H指定请求header,-d指定参数

    • CURL POST:
    [root@localhost ~]# curl -H "Content-Type:application/json" -X POST localhost:9200/company/employees/1 -d '{"id" :1,"name":"admin","password":"123"}'

    7.3 GET请求

    • CURL GET:
    [root@localhost ~]# curl -X GET localhost:9200/company/employees/1?pretty=true

    7.4 DELETE请求

    • CURL DELETE:
    [root@localhost ~]# curl -X DELETE localhost:9200/company/employees/1

    7.5 PUT请求

    • CURL PUT:
    curl -H "Content-Type:application/json" -X PUT localhost:9200/company/employees/1 -d '{"id" :1,"name":"admin","password":"111"}'

    curl默认是GET方式请求url的,要调POST等接口,必须加上-X参数指定

    八. CURL参考资料

    CURL 官网教程:[url=https://curl.haxx.se/docs/httpscripting.html]https://curl.haxx.se/docs/httpscripting.html
    阮一峰老师教程:[url=https://www.geek-share.com/detail/2687421922.html]https://www.geek-share.com/detail/2687421922.html

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