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使用.Net Core编写命令行工具(CLI)的方法

2020-03-17 12:04 555 查看

命令行工具(CLI)

  命令行工具(CLI)是在图形用户界面得到普及之前使用最为广泛的用户界面,它通常不支持鼠标,用户通过键盘输入指令,计算机接收到指令后,予以执行。

  通常认为,命令行工具(CLI)没有图形用户界面(GUI)那么方便用户操作。因为,命令行工具的软件通常需要用户记忆操作的命令,但是,由于其本身的特点,命令行工具要较图形用户界面节约计算机系统的资源。在熟记命令的前提下,使用命令行工具往往要较使用图形用户界面的操作速度要快。所以,图形用户界面的操作系统中,都保留着可选的命令行工具。

  另外,命令行工具(CLI)应该是一个开箱即用的工具,不需要安装任何依赖。

  一些熟悉的CLI工具如下:

  1. dotnet cli

  2. vue cli

  3.angular cli

  4. aws cli

  5.azure cli

指令设计

  本文将使用.Net Core(版本3.1.102)编写一个CLI工具,实现配置管理以及条目(item)管理(调用WebApi实现),详情如下:

  

框架说明

  编写CLI使用的主要框架是CommandLineUtils,它主要有以下优势:

  1. 良好的语法设计

  2. 支持依赖注入

  3. 支持generic host

WebApi

  提供api让cli调用,实现条目(item)的增删改查:

[Route("api/items")]
[ApiController]
public class ItemsController : ControllerBase
{
private readonly IMemoryCache _cache;
private readonly string _key = "items";

public ItemsController(IMemoryCache memoryCache)
{
_cache = memoryCache;
}

[HttpGet]
public IActionResult List()
{
var items = _cache.Get<List<Item>>(_key);
return Ok(items);
}

[HttpGet("{id}")]
public IActionResult Get(string id)
{
var item = _cache.Get<List<Item>>(_key).FirstOrDefault(n => n.Id == id);
return Ok(item);
}

[HttpPost]
public IActionResult Create(ItemForm form)
{
var items = _cache.Get<List<Item>>(_key) ?? new List<Item>();

var item = new Item
{
Id = Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N"),
Name = form.Name,
Age = form.Age
};

items.Add(item);

_cache.Set(_key, items);

return Ok(item);
}

[HttpDelete("{id}")]
public IActionResult Delete(string id)
{
var items = _cache.Get<List<Item>>(_key);

var item = items?.SingleOrDefault(n => n.Id == id);
if (item == null)
{
return NotFound();
}

items.Remove(item);
_cache.Set(_key, items);

return Ok();
}
}

CLI

  1. Program - 函数入口

[HelpOption(Inherited = true)] //显示指令帮助,并且让子指令也继承此设置
[Command(Description = "A tool to communicate with web api"), //指令描述
Subcommand(typeof(ConfigCommand), typeof(ItemCommand))] //子指令
class Program
{
public static int Main(string[] args)
{
//配置依赖注入
var serviceCollection = new ServiceCollection();

serviceCollection.AddSingleton(PhysicalConsole.Singleton);
serviceCollection.AddSingleton<IConfigService, ConfigService>();
serviceCollection.AddHttpClient<IItemClient, ItemClient>();

var services = serviceCollection.BuildServiceProvider();

var app = new CommandLineApplication<Program>();
app.Conventions
.UseDefaultConventions()
.UseConstructorInjection(services);

var console = (IConsole)services.GetService(typeof(IConsole));

try
{
return app.Execute(args);
}
catch (UnrecognizedCommandParsingException ex) //处理未定义指令
{
console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
return -1;
}
}

//指令逻辑
private int OnExecute(CommandLineApplication app, IConsole console)
{
console.WriteLine("Please specify a command.");
app.ShowHelp();
return 1;
}
}

  2. ConfigCommand和ItemCommand - 实现的功能比较简单,主要是指令描述以及指定对应的子指令

[Command("config", Description = "Manage config"),
Subcommand(typeof(GetCommand), typeof(SetCommand))]
public class ConfigCommand
{
private int OnExecute(CommandLineApplication app, IConsole console)
{
console.Error.WriteLine("Please submit a sub command.");
app.ShowHelp();
return 1;
}
}

[Command("item", Description = "Manage item"),
Subcommand(typeof(CreateCommand), typeof(GetCommand), typeof(ListCommand), typeof(DeleteCommand))]
public class ItemCommand
{
private int OnExecute(CommandLineApplication app, IConsole console)
{
console.Error.WriteLine("Please submit a sub command.");
app.ShowHelp();
return 1;
}
}

  3.ConfigService - 配置管理的具体实现,主要是文件读写

public interface IConfigService
{
void Set();

Config Get();
}

public class ConfigService: IConfigService
{
private readonly IConsole _console;
private readonly string _directoryName;
private readonly string _fileName;

public ConfigService(IConsole console)
{
_console = console;
_directoryName = ".api-cli";
_fileName = "config.json";
}

public void Set()
{
var directory = Path.Combine(Environment.GetFolderPath(Environment.SpecialFolder.UserProfile), _directoryName);
if (!Directory.Exists(directory))
{
Directory.CreateDirectory(directory);
}

var config = new Config
{
//弹出交互框,让用户输入,设置默认值为http://localhost:5000/
Endpoint = Prompt.GetString("Specify the endpoint:", "http://localhost:5000/")
};

if (!config.Endpoint.EndsWith("/"))
{
config.Endpoint += "/";
}

var filePath = Path.Combine(directory, _fileName);

using (var outputFile = new StreamWriter(filePath, false, Encoding.UTF8))
{
outputFile.WriteLine(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(config, Formatting.Indented));
}
_console.WriteLine($"Config saved in {filePath}.");
}

public Config Get()
{
var filePath = Path.Combine(Environment.GetFolderPath(Environment.SpecialFolder.UserProfile), _directoryName, _fileName);

if (File.Exists(filePath))
{
var content = File.ReadAllText(filePath);
try
{
var config = JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Config>(content);
return config;
}
catch
{
_console.WriteLine("The config is invalid, please use 'config set' command to reset one.");
}
}
else
{
_console.WriteLine("Config is not existed, please use 'config set' command to set one.");
}

return null;
}
}

  4.ItemClient - 调用Web Api的具体实现,使用HttpClientFactory的方式

public interface IItemClient
{
Task<string> Create(ItemForm form);

Task<string> Get(string id);

Task<string> List();

Task<string> Delete(string id);
}

public class ItemClient : IItemClient
{
public HttpClient Client { get; }

public ItemClient(HttpClient client, IConfigService configService)
{
var config = configService.Get();
if (config == null)
{
return;
}

client.BaseAddress = new Uri(config.Endpoint);

Client = client;
}

public async Task<string> Create(ItemForm form)
{
var content = new StringContent(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(form), Encoding.UTF8, "application/json");
var result = await Client.PostAsync("/api/items", content);

if (result.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
var stream = await result.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync();
var item = Deserialize<Item>(stream);
return $"Item created, info:{item}";
}

return "Error occur, please again later.";
}

public async Task<string> Get(string id)
{
var result = await Client.GetAsync($"/api/items/{id}");

if (result.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
var stream = await result.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync();
var item = Deserialize<Item>(stream);

var response = new StringBuilder();
response.AppendLine($"{"Id".PadRight(40, ' ')}{"Name".PadRight(20, ' ')}Age");
response.AppendLine($"{item.Id.PadRight(40, ' ')}{item.Name.PadRight(20, ' ')}{item.Age}");
return response.ToString();
}

return "Error occur, please again later.";
}

public async Task<string> List()
{
var result = await Client.GetAsync($"/api/items");

if (result.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
var stream = await result.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync();
var items = Deserialize<List<Item>>(stream);

var response = new StringBuilder();
response.AppendLine($"{"Id".PadRight(40, ' ')}{"Name".PadRight(20, ' ')}Age");

if (items != null && items.Count > 0)
{
foreach (var item in items)
{
response.AppendLine($"{item.Id.PadRight(40, ' ')}{item.Name.PadRight(20, ' ')}{item.Age}");
}
}

return response.ToString();
}

return "Error occur, please again later.";
}

public async Task<string> Delete(string id)
{
var result = await Client.DeleteAsync($"/api/items/{id}");

if (result.IsSuccessStatusCode)
{
return $"Item {id} deleted.";
}

if (result.StatusCode == HttpStatusCode.NotFound)
{
return $"Item {id} not found.";
}

return "Error occur, please again later.";
}

private static T Deserialize<T>(Stream stream)
{
using var reader = new JsonTextReader(new StreamReader(stream));
var serializer = new JsonSerializer();
return (T)serializer.Deserialize(reader, typeof(T));
}
}

如何发布

  在项目文件中设置发布程序的名称(AssemblyName):

 <PropertyGroup>
   <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
   <TargetFramework>netcoreapp3.1</TargetFramework>
   <AssemblyName>api-cli</AssemblyName>
  </PropertyGroup>

  进入控制台程序目录:

cd src/NetCoreCLI

  发布Linux使用版本:

 dotnet publish -c Release -r linux-x64 /p:PublishSingleFile=true

  发布Windows使用版本:

dotnet publish -c Release -r win-x64 /p:PublishSingleFile=true

  发布MAC使用版本:

dotnet publish -c Release -r osx-x64 /p:PublishSingleFile=true

使用示例

  这里使用Linux作为示例环境。

  1. 以docker的方式启动web api

  2. 虚拟机上没有安装.net core的环境

  3. 把编译好的CLI工具拷贝到虚拟机上,授权并移动到PATH中(如果不移动,可以通过./api-cli的方式调用)

sudo chmod +x api-cli #授权
sudo mv ./api-cli /usr/local/bin/api-cli #移动到PATH

  4. 设置配置文件:api-cli config set

  5. 查看配置文件:api-cli config get

  6. 创建条目:api-cli item create

  7. 条目列表:api-cli item list

  8. 获取条目:api-cli item get

  9. 删除条目:api-cli item delete

  10. 指令帮助:api-cli -h, api-cli config -h, api-cli item -h

  11. 错误指令:api-cli xxx

源码地址

  https://github.com/ErikXu/NetCoreCLI

参考资料

  https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/core/rid-catalog

  https://medium.com/swlh/build-a-command-line-interface-cli-program-with-net-core-428c4c85221

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