批量归一化

从零实现

import time
import torch
from torch import nn, optim
import torch.nn.functional as F
import torchvision
import sys
sys.path.append("/home/kesci/input/")
import d2lzh1981 as d2l
device = torch.device('cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu')

def batch_norm(is_training, X, gamma, beta, moving_mean, moving_var, eps, momentum):
# 判断当前模式是训练模式还是预测模式
if not is_training:
# 如果是在预测模式下，直接使用传入的移动平均所得的均值和方差
X_hat = (X - moving_mean) / torch.sqrt(moving_var + eps)
else:
assert len(X.shape) in (2, 4)
if len(X.shape) == 2:
# 使用全连接层的情况，计算特征维上的均值和方差
mean = X.mean(dim=0)
var = ((X - mean) ** 2).mean(dim=0)
else:
# 使用二维卷积层的情况，计算通道维上（axis=1）的均值和方差。这里我们需要保持
# X的形状以便后面可以做广播运算
mean = X.mean(dim=0, keepdim=True).mean(dim=2, keepdim=True).mean(dim=3, keepdim=True)
var = ((X - mean) ** 2).mean(dim=0, keepdim=True).mean(dim=2, keepdim=True).mean(dim=3, keepdim=True)
# 训练模式下用当前的均值和方差做标准化
X_hat = (X - mean) / torch.sqrt(var + eps)
# 更新移动平均的均值和方差
moving_mean = momentum * moving_mean + (1.0 - momentum) * mean
moving_var = momentum * moving_var + (1.0 - momentum) * var
Y = gamma * X_hat + beta  # 拉伸和偏移
return Y, moving_mean, moving_var
class BatchNorm(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, num_features, num_dims):
super(BatchNorm, self).__init__()
if num_dims == 2:
shape = (1, num_features) #全连接层输出神经元
else:
shape = (1, num_features, 1, 1)  #通道数
# 参与求梯度和迭代的拉伸和偏移参数，分别初始化成0和1
self.gamma = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(shape))
self.beta = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(shape))
# 不参与求梯度和迭代的变量，全在内存上初始化成0
self.moving_mean = torch.zeros(shape)
self.moving_var = torch.zeros(shape)

def forward(self, X):
# 如果X不在内存上，将moving_mean和moving_var复制到X所在显存上
if self.moving_mean.device != X.device:
self.moving_mean = self.moving_mean.to(X.device)
self.moving_var = self.moving_var.to(X.device)
# 保存更新过的moving_mean和moving_var, Module实例的traning属性默认为true, 调用.eval()后设成false
Y, self.moving_mean, self.moving_var = batch_norm(self.training,
X, self.gamma, self.beta, self.moving_mean,
self.moving_var, eps=1e-5, momentum=0.9)
return Y

基于LeNet的应用

net = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(1, 6, 5), # in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size
BatchNorm(6, num_dims=4),
nn.Sigmoid(),
nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2), # kernel_size, stride
nn.Conv2d(6, 16, 5),
BatchNorm(16, num_dims=4),
nn.Sigmoid(),
nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2),
d2l.FlattenLayer(),
nn.Linear(16*4*4, 120),
BatchNorm(120, num_dims=2),
nn.Sigmoid(),
nn.Linear(120, 84),
BatchNorm(84, num_dims=2),
nn.Sigmoid(),
nn.Linear(84, 10)
)
print(net)

#batch_size = 256
##cpu要调小batchsize
batch_size=16

def load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=None, root='/home/kesci/input/FashionMNIST2065'):
"""Download the fashion mnist dataset and then load into memory."""
trans = []
if resize:
trans.append(torchvision.transforms.Resize(size=resize))
trans.append(torchvision.transforms.ToTensor())

transform = torchvision.transforms.Compose(trans)
mnist_train = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(root=root, train=True, download=True, transform=transform)
mnist_test = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(root=root, train=False, download=True, transform=transform)

train_iter = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True, num_workers=2)
test_iter = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(mnist_test, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=False, num_workers=2)

return train_iter, test_iter
train_iter, test_iter = load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size)
lr, num_epochs = 0.001, 5
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(net.parameters(), lr=lr)
d2l.train_ch5(net, train_iter, test_iter, batch_size, optimizer, device, num_epochs)

简洁实现

net = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(1, 6, 5), # in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size
nn.BatchNorm2d(6),
nn.Sigmoid(),
nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2), # kernel_size, stride
nn.Conv2d(6, 16, 5),
nn.BatchNorm2d(16),
nn.Sigmoid(),
nn.MaxPool2d(2, 2),
d2l.FlattenLayer(),
nn.Linear(16*4*4, 120),
nn.BatchNorm1d(120),
nn.Sigmoid(),
nn.Linear(120, 84),
nn.BatchNorm1d(84),
nn.Sigmoid(),
nn.Linear(84, 10)
)

optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(net.parameters(), lr=lr)
d2l.train_ch5(net, train_iter, test_iter, batch_size, optimizer, device, num_epochs)

参差网络

class Residual(nn.Module):  # 本类已保存在d2lzh_pytorch包中方便以后使用
#可以设定输出通道数、是否使用额外的1x1卷积层来修改通道数以及卷积层的步幅。
def __init__(self, in_channels, out_channels, use_1x1conv=False, stride=1):
super(Residual, self).__init__()
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=3, padding=1, stride=stride)
self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(out_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=3, padding=1)
if use_1x1conv:
self.conv3 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, stride=stride)
else:
self.conv3 = None
self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(out_channels)
self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(out_channels)

def forward(self, X):
Y = F.relu(self.bn1(self.conv1(X)))
Y = self.bn2(self.conv2(Y))
if self.conv3:
X = self.conv3(X)
return F.relu(Y + X)
blk = Residual(3, 3)
X = torch.rand((4, 3, 6, 6))
blk(X).shape # torch.Size([4, 3, 6, 6])

blk = Residual(3, 6, use_1x1conv=True, stride=2)
blk(X).shape # torch.Size([4, 6, 3, 3])

ResNet模型

net = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(1, 64, kernel_size=7, stride=2, padding=3),
nn.BatchNorm2d(64),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1))
def resnet_block(in_channels, out_channels, num_residuals, first_block=False):
if first_block:
assert in_channels == out_channels # 第一个模块的通道数同输入通道数一致
blk = []
for i in range(num_residuals):
if i == 0 and not first_block:
blk.append(Residual(in_channels, out_channels, use_1x1conv=True, stride=2))
else:
blk.append(Residual(out_channels, out_channels))
return nn.Sequential(*blk)

net.add_module("resnet_block1", resnet_block(64, 64, 2, first_block=True))
net.add_module("resnet_block2", resnet_block(64, 128, 2))
net.add_module("resnet_block3", resnet_block(128, 256, 2))
net.add_module("resnet_block4", resnet_block(256, 512, 2))
net.add_module("global_avg_pool", d2l.GlobalAvgPool2d()) # GlobalAvgPool2d的输出: (Batch, 512, 1, 1)
net.add_module("fc", nn.Sequential(d2l.FlattenLayer(), nn.Linear(512, 10)))
X = torch.rand((1, 1, 224, 224))
for name, layer in net.named_children():
X = layer(X)
print(name, ' output shape:\t', X.shape)

lr, num_epochs = 0.001, 5
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(net.parameters(), lr=lr)
d2l.train_ch5(net, train_iter, test_iter, batch_size, optimizer, device, num_epochs)

稠密连接网络（DenseNet）

def conv_block(in_channels, out_channels):
blk = nn.Sequential(nn.BatchNorm2d(in_channels),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=3, padding=1))
return blk

class DenseBlock(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, num_convs, in_channels, out_channels):
super(DenseBlock, self).__init__()
net = []
for i in range(num_convs):
in_c = in_channels + i * out_channels
net.append(conv_block(in_c, out_channels))
self.net = nn.ModuleList(net)
self.out_channels = in_channels + num_convs * out_channels # 计算输出通道数

def forward(self, X):
for blk in self.net:
Y = blk(X)
X = torch.cat((X, Y), dim=1)  # 在通道维上将输入和输出连结
return X
blk = DenseBlock(2, 3, 10)
X = torch.rand(4, 3, 8, 8)
Y = blk(X)
Y.shape # torch.Size([4, 23, 8, 8])

过渡层

def transition_block(in_channels, out_channels):
blk = nn.Sequential(
nn.BatchNorm2d(in_channels),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1),
nn.AvgPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2))
return blk

blk = transition_block(23, 10)
blk(Y).shape # torch.Size([4, 10, 4, 4])

DenseNet模型

net = nn.Sequential(
nn.Conv2d(1, 64, kernel_size=7, stride=2, padding=3),
nn.BatchNorm2d(64),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1))
num_channels, growth_rate = 64, 32  # num_channels为当前的通道数
num_convs_in_dense_blocks = [4, 4, 4, 4]

for i, num_convs in enumerate(num_convs_in_dense_blocks):
DB = DenseBlock(num_convs, num_channels, growth_rate)
net.add_module("DenseBlosk_%d" % i, DB)
# 上一个稠密块的输出通道数
num_channels = DB.out_channels
# 在稠密块之间加入通道数减半的过渡层
if i != len(num_convs_in_dense_blocks) - 1:
net.add_module("transition_block_%d" % i, transition_block(num_channels, num_channels // 2))
num_channels = num_channels // 2
net.add_module("BN", nn.BatchNorm2d(num_channels))
net.add_module("relu", nn.ReLU())
net.add_module("global_avg_pool", d2l.GlobalAvgPool2d()) # GlobalAvgPool2d的输出: (Batch, num_channels, 1, 1)
net.add_module("fc", nn.Sequential(d2l.FlattenLayer(), nn.Linear(num_channels, 10)))

X = torch.rand((1, 1, 96, 96))
for name, layer in net.named_children():
X = layer(X)
print(name, ' output shape:\t', X.shape)

#batch_size = 256
batch_size=16
# 如出现“out of memory”的报错信息，可减小batch_size或resize
train_iter, test_iter =load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=96)
lr, num_epochs = 0.001, 5
optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(net.parameters(), lr=lr)
d2l.train_ch5(net, train_iter, test_iter, batch_size, optimizer, device, num_epochs)

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