Deep_Learning_Task04: 机器翻译及其相关技术/注意力机制/Transformer

机器翻译与数据集

机器翻译

机器翻译（MT）:将一段文本从一种语言自动翻译为另一种语言，用神经网络解决这个问题通常称之为神经机器翻译（NMT）。主要特征：输出是单词序列而不是单个单词，输出序列的长度可能和源序列的长度不同

数据预处理-将数据清洗、转化为神经网络的输入minbatch

def preprocess_raw(text):
text = text.replace('\u202f', ' ').replace('\xa0', ' ')
out = ''
for i, char in enumerate(text.lower()):
if char in (',', '!', '.') and i > 0 and text[i-1] != ' ':
out += ' '
out += char
return out

text = preprocess_raw(raw_text)
print(text[0:1000])

字符在计算机里是以编码的形式存在，我们通常所用的空格是 \x20 ，是在标准ASCII可见字符 0x20~0x7e 范围内。 而 \xa0 属于 latin1 （ISO/IEC_8859-1）中的扩展字符集字符，代表不间断空白符nbsp(non-breaking space)，超出gbk编码范围，是需要去除的特殊字符。再数据预处理的过程中，我们首先需要对数据进行清洗

分词

num_examples = 50000
source, target = [], []
for i, line in enumerate(text.split('\n')):
if i > num_examples:
break
parts = line.split('\t')
if len(parts) >= 2:
source.append(parts[0].split(' '))
target.append(parts[1].split(' '))

source[0:3], target[0:3]

建立词典

def build_vocab(tokens):
tokens = [token for line in tokens for token in line]
return d2l.data.base.Vocab(tokens, min_freq=3, use_special_tokens=True)

src_vocab = build_vocab(source)
len(src_vocab)

载入数据集

def pad(line, max_len, padding_token):
if len(line) > max_len:
return line[:max_len]
return line + [padding_token] * (max_len - len(line))
pad(src_vocab[source[0]], 10, src_vocab.pad)

def build_array(lines, vocab, max_len, is_source):
lines = [vocab[line] for line in lines]
if not is_source:
lines = [[vocab.bos] + line + [vocab.eos] for line in lines]
array = torch.tensor([pad(line, max_len, vocab.pad) for line in lines])
valid_len = (array != vocab.pad).sum(1) #第一个维度
return array, valid_len

def load_data_nmt(batch_size, max_len): # This function is saved in d2l.
src_vocab, tgt_vocab = build_vocab(source), build_vocab(target)
src_array, src_valid_len = build_array(source, src_vocab, max_len, True)
tgt_array, tgt_valid_len = build_array(target, tgt_vocab, max_len, False)
train_data = data.TensorDataset(src_array, src_valid_len, tgt_array, tgt_valid_len)
train_iter = data.DataLoader(train_data, batch_size, shuffle=True)
return src_vocab, tgt_vocab, train_ite

src_vocab, tgt_vocab, train_iter = load_data_nmt(batch_size=2, max_len=8)
for X, X_valid_len, Y, Y_valid_len, in train_iter:
print('X =', X.type(torch.int32), '\nValid lengths for X =', X_valid_len,
'\nY =', Y.type(torch.int32), '\nValid lengths for Y =', Y_valid_len)
break

Encoder-Decoder

Encoder-输入到隐藏状态
Decoder-隐藏状态到输出
Program

class Encoder(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
super(Encoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)

def forward(self, X, *args):
raise NotImplementedError

class Decoder(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
super(Decoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)

def init_state(self, enc_outputs, *args):
raise NotImplementedError

def forward(self, X, state):
raise NotImplementedError

class EncoderDecoder(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, encoder, decoder, **kwargs):
super(EncoderDecoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.encoder = encoder
self.decoder = decoder

def forward(self, enc_X, dec_X, *args):
enc_outputs = self.encoder(enc_X, *args)
dec_state = self.decoder.init_state(enc_outputs, *args)
return self.decoder(dec_X, dec_state)

可以应用在对话系统、生成式任务中

Sequence to Sequence Model

Model:

Training
Predicting
具体结构：
Encoder:

class Seq2SeqEncoder(d2l.Encoder):
def __init__(self, vocab_size, embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers,
dropout=0, **kwargs):
super(Seq2SeqEncoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.num_hiddens=num_hiddens
self.num_layers=num_layers
self.embedding = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embed_size)
self.rnn = nn.LSTM(embed_size,num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout=dropout)

def begin_state(self, batch_size, device):
return [torch.zeros(size=(self.num_layers, batch_size, self.num_hiddens),  device=device),
torch.zeros(size=(self.num_layers, batch_size, self.num_hiddens),  device=device)]
def forward(self, X, *args):
X = self.embedding(X) # X shape: (batch_size, seq_len, embed_size)
X = X.transpose(0, 1)  # RNN needs first axes to be time
# state = self.begin_state(X.shape[1], device=X.device)
out, state = self.rnn(X)
# The shape of out is (seq_len, batch_size, num_hiddens).
# state contains the hidden state and the memory cell
# of the last time step, the shape is (num_layers, batch_size, num_hiddens)
return out, state

Decoder:

class Seq2SeqDecoder(d2l.Decoder):
def __init__(self, vocab_size, embed_size, num_hiddens, num_layers,
dropout=0, **kwargs):
super(Seq2SeqDecoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.embedding = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embed_size)
self.rnn = nn.LSTM(embed_size,num_hiddens, num_layers, dropout=dropout)
self.dense = nn.Linear(num_hiddens,vocab_size)

def init_state(self, enc_outputs, *args):
return enc_outputs[1]

def forward(self, X, state):
X = self.embedding(X).transpose(0, 1)
out, state = self.rnn(X, state)
# Make the batch to be the first dimension to simplify loss computation.
out = self.dense(out).transpose(0, 1)
return out, state

Loss Function:

def SequenceMask(X, X_len,value=0):
maxlen = X.size(1)
mask = torch.arange(maxlen)[None, :].to(X_len.device) < X_len[:, None]
X[~mask]=value
return X

class MaskedSoftmaxCELoss(nn.CrossEntropyLoss):
# pred shape: (batch_size, seq_len, vocab_size)
# label shape: (batch_size, seq_len)
# valid_length shape: (batch_size, )
def forward(self, pred, label, valid_length):
# the sample weights shape should be (batch_size, seq_len)
weights = torch.ones_like(label)
weights = SequenceMask(weights, valid_length).float()
self.reduction='none'
output=super(MaskedSoftmaxCELoss, self).forward(pred.transpose(1,2), label)
return (output*weights).mean(dim=1)

training:

def train_ch7(model, data_iter, lr, num_epochs, device):  # Saved in d2l
model.to(device)
optimizer = optim.Adam(model.parameters(), lr=lr)
loss = MaskedSoftmaxCELoss()
tic = time.time()
for epoch in range(1, num_epochs+1):
l_sum, num_tokens_sum = 0.0, 0.0
for batch in data_iter:
optimizer.zero_grad()
X, X_vlen, Y, Y_vlen = [x.to(device) for x in batch]
Y_input, Y_label, Y_vlen = Y[:,:-1], Y[:,1:], Y_vlen-1

Y_hat, _ = model(X, Y_input, X_vlen, Y_vlen)
l = loss(Y_hat, Y_label, Y_vlen).sum()
l.backward()

with torch.no_grad():
d2l.grad_clipping_nn(model, 5, device)
num_tokens = Y_vlen.sum().item()
optimizer.step()
l_sum += l.sum().item()
num_tokens_sum += num_tokens
if epoch % 50 == 0:
print("epoch {0:4d},loss {1:.3f}, time {2:.1f} sec".format(
epoch, (l_sum/num_tokens_sum), time.time()-tic))
tic = time.time()

Test:

def translate_ch7(model, src_sentence, src_vocab, tgt_vocab, max_len, device):
src_tokens = src_vocab[src_sentence.lower().split(' ')]
src_len = len(src_tokens)
if src_len < max_len:
src_tokens += [src_vocab.pad] * (max_len - src_len)
enc_X = torch.tensor(src_tokens, device=device)
enc_valid_length = torch.tensor([src_len], device=device)
# use expand_dim to add the batch_size dimension.
enc_outputs = model.encoder(enc_X.unsqueeze(dim=0), enc_valid_length)
dec_state = model.decoder.init_state(enc_outputs, enc_valid_length)
dec_X = torch.tensor([tgt_vocab.bos], device=device).unsqueeze(dim=0)
predict_tokens = []
for _ in range(max_len):
Y, dec_state = model.decoder(dec_X, dec_state)
# The token with highest score is used as the next time step input.
dec_X = Y.argmax(dim=2)
py = dec_X.squeeze(dim=0).int().item()
if py == tgt_vocab.eos:
break
predict_tokens.append(py)
return ' '.join(tgt_vocab.to_tokens(predict_tokens))

for sentence in ['Go .', 'Wow !', "I'm OK .", 'I won !']:
print(sentence + ' => ' + translate_ch7(
model, sentence, src_vocab, tgt_vocab, max_len, ctx))

Beam Search

注意力机制

在“编码器—解码器（seq2seq）”⼀节⾥，解码器在各个时间步依赖相同的背景变量（context vector）来获取输⼊序列信息。当编码器为循环神经⽹络时，背景变量来⾃它最终时间步的隐藏状态。将源序列输入信息以循环单位状态编码，然后将其传递给解码器以生成目标序列。然而这种结构存在着问题，尤其是RNN机制实际中存在长程梯度消失的问题，对于较长的句子，我们很难寄希望于将输入的序列转化为定长的向量而保存所有的有效信息，所以随着所需翻译句子的长度的增加，这种结构的效果会显著下降

与此同时，解码的目标词语可能只与原输入的部分词语有关，而并不是与所有的输入有关。例如，当把“Hello world”翻译成“Bonjour le monde”时，“Hello”映射成“Bonjour”，“world”映射成“monde”。在seq2seq模型中，解码器只能隐式地从编码器的最终状态中选择相应的信息。然而，注意力机制可以将这种选择过程显式地建模

注意力机制框架

Softmax屏蔽

def SequenceMask(X, X_len,value=-1e6):
maxlen = X.size(1)
#print(X.size(),torch.arange((maxlen),dtype=torch.float)[None, :],'\n',X_len[:, None] )
mask = torch.arange((maxlen),dtype=torch.float)[None, :] >= X_len[:, None]
#print(mask)
X[mask]=value
return X

def masked_softmax(X, valid_length):
# X: 3-D tensor, valid_length: 1-D or 2-D tensor
softmax = nn.Softmax(dim=-1)
if valid_length is None:
return softmax(X)
else:
shape = X.shape
if valid_length.dim() == 1:
try:
valid_length = torch.FloatTensor(valid_length.numpy().repeat(shape[1], axis=0))#[2,2,3,3]
except:
valid_length = torch.FloatTensor(valid_length.cpu().numpy().repeat(shape[1], axis=0))#[2,2,3,3]
else:
valid_length = valid_length.reshape((-1,))
# fill masked elements with a large negative, whose exp is 0
X = SequenceMask(X.reshape((-1, shape[-1])), valid_length)

return softmax(X).reshape(shape)

点积注意力

Program

# Save to the d2l package.
class DotProductAttention(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, dropout, **kwargs):
super(DotProductAttention, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)

# query: (batch_size, #queries, d)
# key: (batch_size, #kv_pairs, d)
# value: (batch_size, #kv_pairs, dim_v)
# valid_length: either (batch_size, ) or (batch_size, xx)
def forward(self, query, key, value, valid_length=None):
d = query.shape[-1]
# set transpose_b=True to swap the last two dimensions of key

scores = torch.bmm(query, key.transpose(1,2)) / math.sqrt(d)
attention_weights = self.dropout(masked_softmax(scores, valid_length))
print("attention_weight\n",attention_weights)
return torch.bmm(attention_weights, value)

多层感知机注意力

Program

# Save to the d2l package.
class MLPAttention(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, units,ipt_dim,dropout, **kwargs):
super(MLPAttention, self).__init__(**kwargs)
# Use flatten=True to keep query's and key's 3-D shapes.
self.W_k = nn.Linear(ipt_dim, units, bias=False)
self.W_q = nn.Linear(ipt_dim, units, bias=False)
self.v = nn.Linear(units, 1, bias=False)
self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)

def forward(self, query, key, value, valid_length):
query, key = self.W_k(query), self.W_q(key)
#print("size",query.size(),key.size())
# expand query to (batch_size, #querys, 1, units), and key to
# (batch_size, 1, #kv_pairs, units). Then plus them with broadcast.
features = query.unsqueeze(2) + key.unsqueeze(1)
#print("features:",features.size())  #--------------开启
scores = self.v(features).squeeze(-1)
attention_weights = self.dropout(masked_softmax(scores, valid_length))
return torch.bmm(attention_weights, value)

引入注意力机制的Seq2seq模型

下图展示encoding 和decoding的模型结构，在时间步为t的时候。此刻attention layer保存着encodering看到的所有信息——即encoding的每一步输出。在decoding阶段，解码器的t时刻的隐藏状态被当作query，encoder的每个时间步的hidden states作为key和value进行attention聚合. Attetion model的输出当作成上下文信息context vector，并与解码器输入Dt拼接起来一起送到解码器：
下图展示了seq2seq机制的所以层的关系，下面展示了encoder和decoder的layer结构:
解码器

通过从编码器传递三个参数来初始化解码器的状态:

· the encoder outputs of all timesteps：encoder输出的各个状态，被用于attetion layer的memory部分，有相同的key和values
· the hidden state of the encoder’s final timestep：编码器最后一个时间步的隐藏状态，被用于初始化decoder 的hidden state
· the encoder valid length: 编码器的有效长度，借此，注意层不会考虑编码器输出中的填充标记（Paddings）

在解码的每个时间步，我们使用解码器的最后一个RNN层的输出作为注意层的query。然后，将注意力模型的输出与输入嵌入向量连接起来，输入到RNN层。虽然RNN层隐藏状态也包含来自解码器的历史信息，但是attention model的输出显式地选择了enc_valid_len以内的编码器输出，这样attention机制就会尽可能排除其他不相关的信息

Training

import zipfile
import torch
import requests
from io import BytesIO
from torch.utils import data
import sys
import collections

class Vocab(object): # This class is saved in d2l.
def __init__(self, tokens, min_freq=0, use_special_tokens=False):
# sort by frequency and token
counter = collections.Counter(tokens)
token_freqs = sorted(counter.items(), key=lambda x: x[0])
token_freqs.sort(key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)
if use_special_tokens:
# padding, begin of sentence, end of sentence, unknown
self.pad, self.bos, self.eos, self.unk = (0, 1, 2, 3)
tokens = ['', '', '', '']
else:
self.unk = 0
tokens = ['']
tokens += [token for token, freq in token_freqs if freq >= min_freq]
self.idx_to_token = []
self.token_to_idx = dict()
for token in tokens:
self.idx_to_token.append(token)
self.token_to_idx[token] = len(self.idx_to_token) - 1

def __len__(self):
return len(self.idx_to_token)

def __getitem__(self, tokens):
if not isinstance(tokens, (list, tuple)):
return self.token_to_idx.get(tokens, self.unk)
else:
return [self.__getitem__(token) for token in tokens]

def to_tokens(self, indices):
if not isinstance(indices, (list, tuple)):
return self.idx_to_token[indices]
else:
return [self.idx_to_token[index] for index in indices]

def load_data_nmt(batch_size, max_len, num_examples=1000):
"""Download an NMT dataset, return its vocabulary and data iterator."""
# Download and preprocess
def preprocess_raw(text):
text = text.replace('\u202f', ' ').replace('\xa0', ' ')
out = ''
for i, char in enumerate(text.lower()):
if char in (',', '!', '.') and text[i-1] != ' ':
out += ' '
out += char
return out

with open('/home/kesci/input/fraeng6506/fra.txt', 'r') as f:
raw_text = f.read()

text = preprocess_raw(raw_text)

# Tokenize
source, target = [], []
for i, line in enumerate(text.split('\n')):
if i >= num_examples:
break
parts = line.split('\t')
if len(parts) >= 2:
source.append(parts[0].split(' '))
target.append(parts[1].split(' '))

# Build vocab
def build_vocab(tokens):
tokens = [token for line in tokens for token in line]
return Vocab(tokens, min_freq=3, use_special_tokens=True)
src_vocab, tgt_vocab = build_vocab(source), build_vocab(target)

# Convert to index arrays
def pad(line, max_len, padding_token):
if len(line) > max_len:
return line[:max_len]
return line + [padding_token] * (max_len - len(line))

def build_array(lines, vocab, max_len, is_source):
lines = [vocab[line] for line in lines]
if not is_source:
lines = [[vocab.bos] + line + [vocab.eos] for line in lines]
array = torch.tensor([pad(line, max_len, vocab.pad) for line in lines])
valid_len = (array != vocab.pad).sum(1)
return array, valid_len

src_vocab, tgt_vocab = build_vocab(source), build_vocab(target)
src_array, src_valid_len = build_array(source, src_vocab, max_len, True)
tgt_array, tgt_valid_len = build_array(target, tgt_vocab, max_len, False)
train_data = data.TensorDataset(src_array, src_valid_len, tgt_array, tgt_valid_len)
train_iter = data.DataLoader(train_data, batch_size, shuffle=True)
return src_vocab, tgt_vocab, train_iter

Transformer

为了整合CNN和RNN的优势，[Vaswani et al., 2017] 创新性地使用注意力机制设计了Transformer模型。该模型利用attention机制实现了并行化捕捉序列依赖，并且同时处理序列的每个位置的tokens，上述优势使得Transformer模型在性能优异的同时大大减少了训练时间

Transformer基于编码器-解码器架构，其与seq2seq的区别主要在于以下三点：

· Transformer blocks：将seq2seq模型重的循环网络替换为了Transformer Blocks，该模块包含一个多头注意力层（Multi-head Attention Layers）以及两个position-wise feed-forward networks（FFN）。对于解码器来说，另一个多头注意力层被用于接受编码器的隐藏状态。
· Add and norm：多头注意力层和前馈网络的输出被送到两个“add and norm”层进行处理，该层包含残差结构以及层归一化。
· Position encoding：由于自注意力层并没有区分元素的顺序，所以一个位置编码层被用于向序列元素里添加位置信息

多头注意力层

自注意力模型是一个正规的注意力模型，序列的每一个元素对应的key，value，query是完全一致的。自注意力输出了一个与输入长度相同的表征序列，与循环神经网络相比，自注意力对每个元素输出的计算是并行的，所以可以高效的实现这个模块
多头注意力层包含h个并行的自注意力层，每一个这种层被成为一个head。对每个头来说，在进行注意力计算之前，我们会将query、key和value用三个现行层进行映射，这h个注意力头的输出将会被拼接之后输入最后一个线性层进行整合

基于位置的前馈网络

Transformer 模块另一个非常重要的部分就是基于位置的前馈网络（FFN），它接受一个形状为（batch_size，seq_length, feature_size）的三维张量。Position-wise FFN由两个全连接层组成，他们作用在最后一维上。因为序列的每个位置的状态都会被单独地更新，所以我们称他为position-wise，这等效于一个1x1的卷积

Position WiseFFN

# Save to the d2l package.
class PositionWiseFFN(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, input_size, ffn_hidden_size, hidden_size_out, **kwargs):
super(PositionWiseFFN, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.ffn_1 = nn.Linear(input_size, ffn_hidden_size)
self.ffn_2 = nn.Linear(ffn_hidden_size, hidden_size_out)

def forward(self, X):
return self.ffn_2(F.relu(self.ffn_1(X)))

Add and Norm

除了上面两个模块之外，Transformer还有一个重要的相加归一化层，它可以平滑地整合输入和其他层的输出，因此我们在每个多头注意力层和FFN层后面都添加一个含残差连接的Layer Norm层。这里 Layer Norm 与7.5小节的Batch Norm很相似，唯一的区别在于Batch Norm是对于batch size这个维度进行计算均值和方差的，而Layer Norm则是对最后一维进行计算。层归一化可以防止层内的数值变化过大，从而有利于加快训练速度并且提高泛化性能

Add and Norm

# Save to the d2l package.
class AddNorm(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, hidden_size, dropout, **kwargs):
super(AddNorm, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(hidden_size)

def forward(self, X, Y):
return self.norm(self.dropout(Y) + X)

位置编码

与循环神经网络不同，无论是多头注意力网络还是前馈神经网络都是独立地对每个位置的元素进行更新，这种特性帮助我们实现了高效的并行，却丢失了重要的序列顺序的信息。为了更好的捕捉序列信息，Transformer模型引入了位置编码去保持输入序列元素的位置
Program

class PositionalEncoding(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, embedding_size, dropout, max_len=1000):
super(PositionalEncoding, self).__init__()
self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
self.P = np.zeros((1, max_len, embedding_size))
X = np.arange(0, max_len).reshape(-1, 1) / np.power(
10000, np.arange(0, embedding_size, 2)/embedding_size)
self.P[:, :, 0::2] = np.sin(X)
self.P[:, :, 1::2] = np.cos(X)
self.P = torch.FloatTensor(self.P)

def forward(self, X):
if X.is_cuda and not self.P.is_cuda:
self.P = self.P.cuda()
X = X + self.P[:, :X.shape[1], :]
return self.dropout(X)

编码器
编码器包含一个多头注意力层，一个position-wise FFN，和两个 Add and Norm层。对于attention模型以及FFN模型，我们的输出维度都是与embedding维度一致的，这也是由于残差连接天生的特性导致的，因为我们要将前一层的输出与原始输入相加并归一化

Program

class EncoderBlock(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, embedding_size, ffn_hidden_size, num_heads,
dropout, **kwargs):
super(EncoderBlock, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.attention = MultiHeadAttention(embedding_size, embedding_size, num_heads, dropout)
self.addnorm_1 = AddNorm(embedding_size, dropout)
self.ffn = PositionWiseFFN(embedding_size, ffn_hidden_size, embedding_size)
self.addnorm_2 = AddNorm(embedding_size, dropout)

def forward(self, X, valid_length):
Y = self.addnorm_1(X, self.attention(X, X, X, valid_length))
return self.addnorm_2(Y, self.ffn(Y))

实现整个Transformer 编码器模型

class TransformerEncoder(d2l.Encoder):
def __init__(self, vocab_size, embedding_size, ffn_hidden_size,
num_heads, num_layers, dropout, **kwargs):
super(TransformerEncoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.embedding_size = embedding_size
self.embed = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embedding_size)
self.pos_encoding = PositionalEncoding(embedding_size, dropout)
self.blks = nn.ModuleList()
for i in range(num_layers):
self.blks.append(
EncoderBlock(embedding_size, ffn_hidden_size,
num_heads, dropout))

def forward(self, X, valid_length, *args):
X = self.pos_encoding(self.embed(X) * math.sqrt(self.embedding_size))
for blk in self.blks:
X = blk(X, valid_length)
return X

解码器
Transformer 模型的解码器与编码器结构类似，然而，除了之前介绍的几个模块之外，编码器部分有另一个子模块。该模块也是多头注意力层，接受编码器的输出作为key和value，decoder的状态作为query。与编码器部分相类似，解码器同样是使用了add and norm机制，用残差和层归一化将各个子层的输出相连

Program

class DecoderBlock(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, embedding_size, ffn_hidden_size, num_heads,dropout,i,**kwargs):
super(DecoderBlock, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.i = i
self.attention_1 = MultiHeadAttention(embedding_size, embedding_size, num_heads, dropout)
self.addnorm_1 = AddNorm(embedding_size, dropout)
self.attention_2 = MultiHeadAttention(embedding_size, embedding_size, num_heads, dropout)
self.addnorm_2 = AddNorm(embedding_size, dropout)
self.ffn = PositionWiseFFN(embedding_size, ffn_hidden_size, embedding_size)
self.addnorm_3 = AddNorm(embedding_size, dropout)

def forward(self, X, state):
enc_outputs, enc_valid_length = state[0], state[1]

# state[2][self.i] stores all the previous t-1 query state of layer-i
# len(state[2]) = num_layers

# If training:
#     state[2] is useless.
# If predicting:
#     In the t-th timestep:
#         state[2][self.i].shape = (batch_size, t-1, hidden_size)
# Demo:
# love dogs ! [EOS]
#  |    |   |   |
#   Transformer
#    Decoder
#  |   |   |   |
#  I love dogs !

if state[2][self.i] is None:
key_values = X
else:
# shape of key_values = (batch_size, t, hidden_size)
key_values = torch.cat((state[2][self.i], X), dim=1)
state[2][self.i] = key_values

if self.training:
batch_size, seq_len, _ = X.shape
# Shape: (batch_size, seq_len), the values in the j-th column are j+1
valid_length = torch.FloatTensor(np.tile(np.arange(1, seq_len+1), (batch_size, 1)))
valid_length = valid_length.to(X.device)
else:
valid_length = None

X2 = self.attention_1(X, key_values, key_values, valid_length)
Y = self.addnorm_1(X, X2)
Y2 = self.attention_2(Y, enc_outputs, enc_outputs, enc_valid_length)
Z = self.addnorm_2(Y, Y2)
return self.addnorm_3(Z, self.ffn(Z)), state

对于Transformer解码器来说，构造方式与编码器一样，除了最后一层添加一个dense layer以获得输出的置信度分数。下面让我们来实现一下Transformer Decoder，除了常规的超参数例如vocab_size embedding_size 之外，解码器还需要编码器的输出 enc_outputs 和句子有效长度 enc_valid_length

Decoding

class TransformerDecoder(d2l.Decoder):
def __init__(self, vocab_size, embedding_size, ffn_hidden_size,
num_heads, num_layers, dropout, **kwargs):
super(TransformerDecoder, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.embedding_size = embedding_size
self.num_layers = num_layers
self.embed = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, embedding_size)
self.pos_encoding = PositionalEncoding(embedding_size, dropout)
self.blks = nn.ModuleList()
for i in range(num_layers):
self.blks.append(
DecoderBlock(embedding_size, ffn_hidden_size, num_heads,
dropout, i))
self.dense = nn.Linear(embedding_size, vocab_size)

def init_state(self, enc_outputs, enc_valid_length, *args):
return [enc_outputs, enc_valid_length, [None]*self.num_layers]

def forward(self, X, state):
X = self.pos_encoding(self.embed(X) * math.sqrt(self.embedding_size))
for blk in self.blks:
X, state = blk(X, state)
return self.dense(X), state

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