Swift从入门到精通第十八篇 - 协议 初识

协议不需指定属性是存储或计算属性，只需指定所需的属性名称和类型；协议指定了每个属性是可读或可读可写，通常在类型后跟

{get set}

{ get }

protocol SomeProtocol {
var mustBeSettable: Int { get set }
var doesNotNeedToBeSettable: Int { get }
}

static

class

protocol AnotherProtocol {
static var someTypeProperty: Int { get set }
}

// 只有一个属性的协议
protocol FullyNamed {
var fullName: String { get }
}
// 遵守协议必需要提供一个一个名为 fullName 的可获取实例属性
struct Person: FullyNamed {
var fullName: String
}
let john = Person(fullName: "John Appleseed")
// john.fullName is "John Appleseed"
//
// 遵守 FullNamed 协议，此处用的是一个只可读的计算属性
class Starship: FullyNamed {
var prefix: String?
var name: String
init(name: String, prefix: String? = nil) {
self.name = name
self.prefix = prefix
}
var fullName: String {
return (prefix != nil ? prefix! + " " : "") + name
}
}
var ncc1701 = Starship(name: "Enterprise", prefix: "USS")
// ncc1701.fullName is "USS Enterprise"

协议定义中可定义实例和类型方法，与正常的方法定义类似，方法参数可以是可变参数，但不能有方法体，且参数不能设置默认值

protocol SomeProtocol {
static func someTypeMethod()
}
protocol RandomNumberGenerator {
func random() -> Double
}
// 示例如下
class LinearCongruentialGenerator: RandomNumberGenerator {
var lastRandom = 42.0
let m = 139968.0
let a = 3877.0
let c = 29573.0
func random() -> Double {
lastRandom = ((lastRandom * a + c)
.truncatingRemainder(dividingBy:m))
return lastRandom / m
}
}
let generator = LinearCongruentialGenerator()
print("Here's a random number: \(generator.random())")
// Prints "Here's a random number: 0.3746499199817101"
print("And another one: \(generator.random())")
// Prints "And another one: 0.729023776863283"

协议中方法可用

mutatuing

protocol Togglable {
mutating func toggle()
}
enum OnOffSwitch: Togglable {
case off, on
mutating func toggle() {
switch self {
case .off:
self = .on
case .on:
self = .off
}
}
}
var lightSwitch = OnOffSwitch.off
lightSwitch.toggle()
// lightSwitch is now equal to .on

协议中可定义初始化器让遵守的类型实现，但协议中的初始化器没有

{}

required

protocol SomeProtocol {
init(someParameter: Int)
}
class SomeClass: SomeProtocol {
required init(someParameter: Int) {
// initializer implementation goes here
}
}

required

override

protocol SomeProtocol {
init()
}
//
class SomeSuperClass {
init() {
// initializer implementation goes here
}
}
//
class SomeSubClass: SomeSuperClass, SomeProtocol {
// "required" from SomeProtocol conformance; "override" from SomeSuperClass
required override init() {
// initializer implementation goes here
}
}

代理是一种重要的设计模式，示例代码

protocol DiceGame {
var dice: Dice { get }
func play()
}
protocol DiceGameDelegate: AnyObject {
func gameDidStart(_ game: DiceGame)
func game(_ game: DiceGame, didStartNewTurnWithDiceRoll diceRoll: Int)
func gameDidEnd(_ game: DiceGame)
}
class SnakesAndLadders: DiceGame {
let finalSquare = 25
let dice = Dice(sides: 6, generator: LinearCongruentialGenerator())
var square = 0
var board: [Int]
init() {
board = Array(repeating: 0, count: finalSquare + 1)
board[03] = +08; board[06] = +11; board[09] = +09; board[10] = +02
board[14] = -10; board[19] = -11; board[22] = -02; board[24] = -08
}
weak var delegate: DiceGameDelegate? // 一般用 weak
func play() {
square = 0
delegate?.gameDidStart(self)
gameLoop: while square != finalSquare {
let diceRoll = dice.roll()
delegate?.game(self, didStartNewTurnWithDiceRoll: diceRoll)
switch square + diceRoll {
case finalSquare:
break gameLoop
case let newSquare where newSquare > finalSquare:
continue gameLoop
default:
square += diceRoll
square += board[square]
}
}
delegate?.gameDidEnd(self)
}
}
class DiceGameTracker: DiceGameDelegate {
var numberOfTurns = 0
func gameDidStart(_ game: DiceGame) {
numberOfTurns = 0
if game is SnakesAndLadders {
print("Started a new game of Snakes and Ladders")
}
print("The game is using a \(game.dice.sides)-sided dice")
}
func game(_ game: DiceGame, didStartNewTurnWithDiceRoll diceRoll: Int) {
numberOfTurns += 1
print("Rolled a \(diceRoll)")
}
func gameDidEnd(_ game: DiceGame) {
print("The game lasted for \(numberOfTurns) turns")
}
}
let tracker = DiceGameTracker()
let game = SnakesAndLadders()
game.delegate = tracker
game.play()
// Started a new game of Snakes and Ladders
// The game is using a 6-sided dice
// Rolled a 3
// Rolled a 5
// Rolled a 4
// Rolled a 5
// The game lasted for 4 turns

扩展可以为现有的类添加属性、方法、下标，因此可以添加协议可能需要的任何要求

protocol TextRepresentable {
var textualDescription: String { get }
}
extension Dice: TextRepresentable {
var textualDescription: String {
return "A \(sides)-sided dice"
}
}
let d12 = Dice(sides: 12, generator: LinearCongruentialGenerator())
print(d12.textualDescription)
// Prints "A 12-sided dice"
extension SnakesAndLadders: TextRepresentable {
var textualDescription: String {
return "A game of Snakes and Ladders with \(finalSquare) squares"
}
}
print(game.textualDescription)
// Prints "A game of Snakes and Ladders with 25 squares"

// Array 中的元素要遵守  TextRepresentable 协议
extension Array: TextRepresentable where Element: TextRepresentable {
var textualDescription: String {
let itemsAsText = self.map { $0.textualDescription }
return "[" + itemsAsText.joined(separator: ", ") + "]"
}
}
let myDice = [d6, d12]
print(myDice.textualDescription)
// Prints "[A 6-sided dice, A 12-sided dice]"

struct Hamster {
var name: String
var textualDescription: String {
return "A hamster named \(name)"
}
}
extension Hamster: TextRepresentable {}
let simonTheHamster = Hamster(name: "Simon")
// 这里要显示申明类型
let somethingTextRepresentable: TextRepresentable = simonTheHamster
print(somethingTextRepresentable.textualDescription)
// Prints "A hamster named Simon"

示例

let things: [TextRepresentable] = [game, d12, simonTheHamster]
for thing in things {
print(thing.textualDescription)
}
// A game of Snakes and Ladders with 25 squares
// A 12-sided dice
// A hamster named Simon

示例

protocol InheritingProtocol: SomeProtocol, AnotherProtocol {
// protocol definition goes here
}
protocol PrettyTextRepresentable: TextRepresentable {
var prettyTextualDescription: String { get }
}
extension SnakesAndLadders: PrettyTextRepresentable {
var prettyTextualDescription: String {
var output = textualDescription + ":\n"
for index in 1...finalSquare {
switch board[index] {
case let ladder where ladder > 0:
output += "▲ "
case let snake where snake < 0:
output += "▼ "
default:
output += "○ "
}
}
return output
}
}
print(game.prettyTextualDescription)
// A game of Snakes and Ladders with 25 squares:
// ○ ○ ▲ ○ ○ ▲ ○ ○ ▲ ▲ ○ ○ ○ ▼ ○ ○ ○ ○ ▼ ○ ○ ▼ ○ ▼ ○

可以限制协议只能类来遵守，通过添加

AnyObject

protocol SomeClassOnlyProtocol: AnyObject, SomeInheritedProtocol {
// class-only protocol definition goes here
}

用

&

protocol Named {
var name: String { get }
}
protocol Aged {
var age: Int { get }
}
struct Person: Named, Aged {
var name: String
var age: Int
}
func wishHappyBirthday(to celebrator: Named & Aged) {
print("Happy birthday, \(celebrator.name), you're \(celebrator.age)!")
}
let birthdayPerson = Person(name: "Malcolm", age: 21)
wishHappyBirthday(to: birthdayPerson)
// Prints "Happy birthday, Malcolm, you're 21!"
//
//
class Location {
var latitude: Double
var longitude: Double
init(latitude: Double, longitude: Double) {
self.latitude = latitude
self.longitude = longitude
}
}
class City: Location, Named {
var name: String
init(name: String, latitude: Double, longitude: Double) {
self.name = name
super.init(latitude: latitude, longitude: longitude)
}
}
func beginConcert(in location: Location & Named) {
print("Hello, \(location.name)!")
}
let seattle = City(name: "Seattle", latitude: 47.6, longitude: -122.3)
beginConcert(in: seattle)
// Prints "Hello, Seattle!"

is

as?

as!

protocol HasArea {
var area: Double { get }
}
class Circle: HasArea {
let pi = 3.1415927
var radius: Double
var area: Double { return pi * radius * radius }
init(radius: Double) { self.radius = radius }
}
class Country: HasArea {
var area: Double
init(area: Double) { self.area = area }
}
class Animal {
var legs: Int
init(legs: Int) { self.legs = legs }
}
let objects: [AnyObject] = [
Circle(radius: 2.0),
Country(area: 243_610),
Animal(legs: 4)
]
for object in objects {
if let objectWithArea = object as? HasArea {
print("Area is \(objectWithArea.area)")
} else {
print("Something that doesn't have an area")
}
}
// Area is 12.5663708
// Area is 243610.0
// Something that doesn't have an area

用

optional

@objc

@objc

@objc protocol CounterDataSource {
@objc optional func increment(forCount count: Int) -> Int
@objc optional var fixedIncrement: Int { get }
}
class Counter {
var count = 0
var dataSource: CounterDataSource?
func increment() {
if let amount = dataSource?.increment?(forCount: count) {
count += amount
} else if let amount = dataSource?.fixedIncrement {
count += amount
}
}
}
class ThreeSource: NSObject, CounterDataSource {
let fixedIncrement = 3
}
var counter = Counter()
counter.dataSource = ThreeSource()
for _ in 1...4 {
counter.increment()
print(counter.count)
}
// 3
// 6
// 9
// 12
class TowardsZeroSource: NSObject, CounterDataSource {
func increment(forCount count: Int) -> Int {
if count == 0 {
return 0
} else if count < 0 {
return 1
} else {
return -1
}
}
}
counter.count = -4
counter.dataSource = TowardsZeroSource()
for _ in 1...5 {
counter.increment()
print(counter.count)
}
// -3
// -2
// -1
// 0
// 0

可以为协议添加扩展，扩展里可以添加方法、计算属性、下标、初始化器等，这样类型的一致性或全局函数的行为可在此实现

extension RandomNumberGenerator {
func randomBool() -> Bool {
return random() > 0.5
}
}
let generator = LinearCongruentialGenerator()
print("Here's a random number: \(generator.random())")
// Prints "Here's a random number: 0.3746499199817101"
print("And here's a random Boolean: \(generator.randomBool())")
// Prints "And here's a random Boolean: true"

extension PrettyTextRepresentable  {
var prettyTextualDescription: String {
return textualDescription
}
}

extension Collection where Element: Equatable {
func allEqual() -> Bool {
for element in self {
if element != self.first {
return false
}
}
return true
}
}
let equalNumbers = [100, 100, 100, 100, 100]
let differentNumbers = [100, 100, 200, 100, 200]
print(equalNumbers.allEqual())
// Prints "true"
print(differentNumbers.allEqual())
// Prints "false"