数据库上机1（以文件系统实现数据管理）

注：

①各上机报告均根据《数据库技术与应用》课程的上机任务所做。

②课程教材为 《数据库系统概论（第五版）》/王珊, 萨师煊编著/北京:高等教育出版社,2014

上机要求：

1.采用所熟悉的编程语言与编程环境，实现使用文件管理课本中P9-1.1.3节 [例]中的学生信息，学生信息包括学号、姓名、性别、年龄、专业和奖励。功能包括录入学生信息、根据学号和姓名查询学生信息、删除指定学生的信息、按照学号修改学生性别、学生信息浏览功能。学生信息中，要求学生的学号是唯一的，允许重名，学生性别非男即女，学生年龄只能在15岁到45岁之间。

2.通常，学生奖励信息和学生信息分别存储，有无界面均可。

重难点：

①个别属性要加约束条件

②读写文件管理数据时，尽量不要将所有文件内容调入内存进行相应操作后再全部写回文件。

表信息：

学生基本信息表

学生奖励信息表

具体实现：

Version 1

• 实现了单独在一张表里操作数据
• 将所有文件所有内容读入内存，修改完毕后写回文件
• 操作excel时，行和列的序号的起始值为1
• 建立 位置序号-行信息 的键值对来确定相应信息

[code]import xlrd                                #读xls文件,xlsx文件不行
import xlwt                                #写xls文件
from xlutils.copy import copy              #从xlutils模块导入copy

data = xlrd.open_workbook('stu_inf.xlsx')  # 打开xls文件，学生信息表
table1 = data.sheets()[0]                  # 打开第一张表
nrows = table1.nrows                       # 获取表的行数
whole = {}
for i in range(1, nrows):                  # 循环将文件所有内容读入内存
row = table1.row_values(i)             # row为列表，内容为一行的信息
for j in [0, 3]:
row[j] = int(row[j])               #将学号和年龄转为int型
whole[i] = row                         # 按信息在xls里的位置序号建立键值对

while(1):                                  #具体功能实现由此开始
fun = input('请按相应键继续:\n1，查询；2，插入;3，修改;4，删除;0，退出\n')
#查询
if fun == '1':
flag = 0                            # 作为是否按请求查询到信息的标志
fin = input('请输入学号或姓名:\n')
for key in whole.keys():
if (fin == whole[key][0] or fin == whole[key][1]):
print(whole[key])
flag = 1
if (flag == 0):
print('查无此人！')
# 插入
elif fun == '2':
nrows = nrows + 1 #行数，即表中的人数（表头？）
flag = 0
while(1):
id = int(input('请输入学号：\n'))
for key in whole.keys():
if (id == whole[key][0]):
print('已有此人！')
flag = 1
if (flag == 0):
break
name = input('请输入姓名：\n')
while(1):
sex = input('请输入性别，男/女：\n')
if (not (sex in ['男', '女'])):        # 对性别的约束
print('格式不正确')
else:
break
while(1):
years = int(input('请输入年龄：\n'))
if (years >= 45 or years <= 15):
print('年龄不符实际')
else:
break
maj = input('请输入专业：\n')
inf = [id, name, sex, years, maj]
whole[nrows - 1] = inf
print('插入成功！\n', nrows)
# 修改
elif fun == '3':
fin = input('请输入学号:\n')
for key in whole.keys():
if (fin == whole[key]):
while(1):
sex == input('性别修改为，男/女：\n')
if sex in ['男', '女']:
whole[key][2] == sex
else:
print('格式不正确')
else:
print('查无此人！')
print('修改成功！')
# 删除
elif fun == '4':
fin = input('请输入学号:\n')
for key in whole.keys():
if (fin == whole[key][0]):
for i in range(key, nrows - 1):
whole[key] == whole[key -1]
nrows -= nrows
print('删除成功！')

elif fun == '0':
book = xlwt.Workbook()                  # 新建一个excel
sheet = book.add_sheet('sheet1')        # 添加一个sheet页，并命名为“sheet1”
sheet.write(0, 0, '学号')               # excel第一行第一列写入
sheet.write(0, 1, '姓名')
sheet.write(0, 2, '性别')
sheet.write(0, 3, '年龄')
sheet.write(0, 4, '专业')
for i in range(1, nrows):
for j in range(5):
sheet.write(i, j, whole[i][j])    # 将内存中修改好的信息写回文件
print(nrows)
book.save('学生基本信息.xls')              # 微软的office不能用xlsx结尾的，wps随意
break

else:
print('输入错误！')

Version 2

• 实现了对两个表进行操作
• 换用了更方便的openpyxl操作excel
• 思路上依旧是按照信息出现的位置进行定位

[code]import openpyxl                        # 可以读写一体地操作excel，包括xls、xlsx

wb1 = "stu_bainf.xlsx"
wb2 = 'stu_reinf.xlsx'
shead = ['学号：', '姓名：', '性别：', '年龄：', '专业：', '奖励：']

class Stu:                            # 使用类是为了操作全局变量的方便
rows = 0
cols = 0
ids = []
names = []

def openAndGet(self, wbname):
self.workbook = openpyxl.load_workbook(wbname)
self.sheet = self.workbook.worksheets[0]
self.rows = self.sheet.max_row
self.cols = self.sheet.max_column

def getIDs(self, wbname):
self.openAndGet(wbname)
for i in range(1, self.rows):
self.ids.append(self.sheet.cell(i + 1, 1).value)    # 将所有学号存入列表，用于
# 查询

def getNames(self, wbname):
self.openAndGet(wbname)
for i in range(1, self.rows):
self.names.append(self.sheet.cell(i + 1, 2).value)

def setSex(self):
while (1):
sex = input('请输入性别，男/女：\n')
if (sex in ['男', '女']):
return sex
break
else:
print('格式不正确！')

def setAge(self):
while(1):
try:
age = input('请输入年龄：\n')
if(int(age) <= 45 and int(age) >= 15):
return age
break
else:
print('不符实际！')
except:
print('输入有误！')

sw = Stu()
sw2 = Stu()
while(1):
fun = input('请按相应键继续:\n1，查询；2，插入;3，修改;4，删除;0，退出\n')
if fun == '0':
break

elif fun == '1':
sw.getIDs(wb1)
sw.getNames(wb1)
while(1):
fin = input('请输入学号或姓名：\n')
if (fin in map(str, sw.ids)):                # map将每个人学号变为string型
loc = sw.ids.index(int(fin))             # 还是按照信息位置进行定位
for i in range(sw.cols):
print(shead[i], sw.sheet.cell(loc + 2, i + 1).value)
print(shead[-1], sw2.sheet.cell(loc + 2, 3).value)
break
elif (fin in sw.names):
loc = [idx for idx, i in enumerate(sw.names) if fin == i]
for k in loc:
for j in range(sw.cols):
print(shead[j], sw.sheet.cell(k + 2, j + 1).value)
print(shead[-1], sw2.sheet.cell(k + 2, 3).value)
print()
break
else:
print('查无此人！')

elif fun == "2":
sw.getIDs(wb1)
while(1):
id = input('请输入学号：\n')
if (int(id) in sw.ids):
print('已有此人！')
else:
break
name = input('请输入姓名：\n')
sex = sw.setSex()
age = sw.setAge()
maj = input('请输入专业：\n')
rew = input('请输入奖励：\n')
inf = [int(id), name, sex, int(age), maj, rew]
inf2 = [inf[0], inf[1], inf[-1]]
# for i in range(len(inf)):
#     sw.sheet.cell(sw.rows, i + 1, inf[i])
sw.sheet.append(inf[0: 5])
sw2.sheet.append(inf2)
sw.workbook.save(wb1)
sw2.workbook.save(wb2)
print('添加成功！')

elif fun == '3':
sw.getIDs(wb1)
while (1):
id = input('请输入学号：\n')
if (int(id) in sw.ids):
loc = sw.ids.index(int(id))
while (1):
sexx = input('性别修改为，男/女：\n')
if sexx in ['男', '女']:
sw.sheet.cell(loc + 2, 3, sexx)
sw.workbook.save(wb1)
break
else:
print("格式不正确！")
print('修改成功！')
break
else:
print('查无此人！')

elif fun == '4':
sw.getIDs(wb1)
while(1):
id = input('请输入学号：\n')
if (int(id) in sw.ids):
loc = sw.ids.index(int(id))
sw.sheet.delete_rows(loc + 2, 1)
sw2.sheet.delete_rows(loc + 2, 1)
sw.workbook.save(wb1)
sw2.workbook.save(wb2)
print('删除成功！')
break
else:
print('查无此人！')

Version 3

• version 2 的可视化版本，定位的思路继续沿用version 2
• 控件Spinbox并不能限制输入的取值

[code]import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
import tkinter.messagebox                  # 要使用messagebox（弹出的提示框）先要导入模块
import openpyxl

wb1 = "stu_bainf.xlsx"
wb2 = 'stu_reinf.xlsx'
shead = ['学号：', '姓名：', '性别：', '年龄：', '专业：', '奖励：']

class Stu:
rows = 0
cols = 0
ids = []
names = []

def openAndGet(self, wbname):
self.workbook = openpyxl.load_workbook(wbname)
self.sheet = self.workbook.worksheets[0]
self.rows = self.sheet.max_row
self.cols = self.sheet.max_column

def getIDs(self, wbname):
self.openAndGet(wbname)
for i in range(1, self.rows):
self.ids.append(self.sheet.cell(i + 1, 1).value)

def getNames(self, wbname):
self.openAndGet(wbname)
for i in range(1, self.rows):
self.names.append(self.sheet.cell(i + 1, 2).value)

def clearAll():                                # 清空文本框
entryId.delete(0, 'end')
entryName.delete(0, 'end')
entryMaj.delete(0, 'end')
entryRew.delete(0, 'end')
spinboxSex.delete(0, 'end')
spinboxAge.delete(0, 'end')

def search():
sw.getIDs(wb1)
sw.getNames(wb1)
name = entryName.get()
id = entryId.get()
if (id in map(str, sw.ids) and name == ''):
info = []
loc = sw.ids.index(int(id))
for i in range(sw.cols):
info.append(shead[i] + str(sw.sheet.cell(loc + 2, i + 1).value))
info.append(shead[-1] + str(sw2.sheet.cell(loc + 2, 3).value))
tk.messagebox.showinfo(title='Info', message=info)
clearAll()
elif (name in sw.names and id == ''):
infoX = []
loc = [idx for idx, i in enumerate(sw.names) if name == i]
for k in loc:
info = []
for j in range(sw.cols):
info.append(shead[j] + str(sw.sheet.cell(k + 2, j + 1).value))
info.append(shead[-1] + str(sw2.sheet.cell(k + 2, 3).value))
info = ''.join(info)
infoX.append(info + '\n')
tk.messagebox.showinfo(title='Info', message=infoX)
clearAll()
else:
tk.messagebox.showerror(title = '错误！', message='查无此人！请重新输入！')
clearAll()

def insert():
sw.getIDs(wb1)
id = entryId.get()
if (id != '' and int(id) in sw.ids):
tk.messagebox.showerror(title = '错误！', message='已有此人！请重新输入！')
clearAll()
elif (id == ''):
pass
else:
name = entryName.get()
sex = spinboxSex.get()
age = spinboxAge.get()
maj = entryMaj.get()
rew = entryRew.get()
inf = [int(id), name, sex, int(age), maj, rew]
inf2 = [inf[0], inf[1], inf[-1]]
sw.sheet.append(inf[0: 5])
sw2.sheet.append(inf2)
sw.workbook.save(wb1)
sw2.workbook.save(wb2)
tk.messagebox.showinfo(title='Info', message='添加成功！')
clearAll()

def replace():
sw.getIDs(wb1)
id = entryId.get()
sexx = spinboxSex.get()
if (id != '' and sexx != '' and int(id) in sw.ids):
loc = sw.ids.index(int(id))
sw.sheet.cell(loc + 2, 3, sexx)
sw.workbook.save(wb1)
tk.messagebox.showinfo(title='Info', message='修改成功！')
clearAll()
elif (sexx == ''):
tk.messagebox.showerror(title = '错误！', message='性别不能为空！请重新输入！')
clearAll()
elif (id == ''):
pass
else:
tk.messagebox.showerror(title = '错误！', message='查无此人！请重新输入！')
clearAll()

def delete():
sw.getIDs(wb1)
id = entryId.get()
if (id != '' and int(id) in sw.ids):
loc = sw.ids.index(int(id))
sw.sheet.delete_rows(loc + 2, 1)
sw2.sheet.delete_rows(loc + 2, 1)
sw.workbook.save(wb1)
sw2.workbook.save(wb2)
tk.messagebox.showinfo(title='Info', message='删除成功！')
clearAll()
elif (id == ''):
pass
else:
tk.messagebox.showerror(title = '错误！', message='查无此人！请重新输入！')
clearAll()

sw = Stu()
sw2 = Stu()
sw.openAndGet(wb1)
sw2.openAndGet(wb2)

windows = tk.Tk()
windows.title('学生信息管理')
#第1行控件
lblId = tk.Label(text = '学号：')
lblId.grid(row = 0, column = 0)
entryId = tk.Entry()
entryId.grid(row = 0, column = 1)
lblName = tk.Label(text = '姓名：')
lblName.grid(row = 0, column = 2)
entryName = tk.Entry()
entryName.grid(row = 0, column = 3)
#第2行控件
lblSex = tk.Label(text = '性别：')
lblSex.grid(row = 1, column = 0)
spinboxSex = tk.Spinbox(windows, value = ('男', '女'))     # 仅仅对点击文本框右侧上下箭头时
# 的取值限制，不能限制输入取值
spinboxSex.grid(row = 1, column = 1)
lblAge = tk.Label(text = '年龄：')
lblAge.grid(row = 1, column = 2)
spinboxAge = tk.Spinbox(windows, from_ = 15, to = 40)
spinboxAge.grid(row = 1, column = 3)
#第3行控件
lblMaj = tk.Label(text = '专业：')
lblMaj.grid(row = 2, column = 0)
entryMaj = tk.Entry()
entryMaj.grid(row = 2, column = 1)
lblRew = tk.Label(text = '奖励：')
lblRew.grid(row = 2, column = 2)
entryRew = tk.Entry()
entryRew.grid(row = 2, column = 3)
#分割线
ttk.Separator(orient=tk.HORIZONTAL).grid(row=3, column=0,columnspan=6,pady=10,sticky=tk.W+tk.E)
#按钮控件
btnSer = tk.Button(text = '查询', command = search)        # 需给出search函数
btnSer.grid(row = 4, column = 0)
btnIdx = tk.Button(text = '插入', command = insert)
btnIdx.grid(row = 4, column = 1)
btnRep = tk.Button(text = '修改', command = replace)
btnRep.grid(row = 4, column = 2)
btnDel = tk.Button(text = '删除', command = delete)
btnDel.grid(row = 4, column = 3)

windows.mainloop()                                         # 控件大循环

运行界面

按学号查询

按姓名查询

其他界面类似不再一一给出。