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数据库基本管理

2019-05-27 19:58 363 查看
  • 问题

本案例要求熟悉MySQL的连接及数据库表的增删改查等基本管理操作,主要完成以下几个方便的操作:

  • 使用mysql命令连接数据库
  • 练习查看/删除/创建库的相关操作
  • 练习查看/删除/创建表的相关操作,表数据参考如表-1所示内容

表-1 测试用表数据

学号

姓名

性别

手机号

通信地址

NSD131201

张三

13012345678

朝阳区劲松南路.. ..

NSD131202

韩梅梅

13722223333

海淀区北三环西路..

NSD131203

王五

18023445678

丰台区兴隆中街.. ..

  • 步骤

实现此案例需要按照如下步骤进行。

步骤一:使用mysql命令连接数据库

连接MySQL服务器时,最基本的用法是通过 -u 选项指定用户名、-p指定密码。密码可以写在命令行(如果不写,则出现交互,要求用户输入),当然基于安全考虑一般不推荐这么做:

[root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql -uroot -p1234567   //紧挨着选项,不要空格

Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.

Your MySQL connection id is 5

Server version: 5.6.15 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

 

Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

 

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its

affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective

owners.

 

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

 

mysql> exit   //退出已登录的mysql> 环境

Bye

默认情况下,msyql命令会连接本机的MySQL服务。但在需要的时候,可以通过 -h 选项指定远程主机;如果端口不是3306,还可以通过大写的 -P 选项指定:

[root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql -u root -p -h 127.0.0.1 -P 3306

Enter password:

Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.

Your MySQL connection id is 6

Server version: 5.6.15 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

 

Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

 

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its

affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective

owners.

 

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

 

mysql> exit   //退出已登录的mysql> 环境

Bye

连接其他主机的MySQL服务,有一个前提条件——对方已经添加了此用户从此客户机访问的数据库授权,授权操作方法会在后续课程学习。

步骤二:练习查看/删除/创建库的相关操作

以root用户登入“mysql> ”环境后,可以执行各种MySQL指令、SQL指令。基本的用法事项如下:

  • 操作指令不区分大小写(库名/表名、密码、变量值等除外)。
  • 每条SQL指令以 ; 结束或分隔。
  • 不支持 Tab 键自动补齐。
  • \c 可废弃当前编写错的操作指令。

1)查看现有的库

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;

+--------------------+

| Database           |

+--------------------+

| information_schema |   //信息概要库

| mysql              |   //授权库

| performance_schema |   //性能结构库

| test               |   //测试库(空库)

+--------------------+

4 rows in set (0.15 sec)

2)切换/使用指定的库

切换到test库:

mysql> USE test;

Database changed

mysql> SELECT DATABASE();   //确认当前所在的库

+------------+

| DATABASE() |

+------------+

| test       |

+------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

切换到mysql库:

mysql> USE mysql;

Reading table information for completion of table and column names

You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

 

Database changed

mysql> SELECT DATABASE();   //确认当前所在的库

+------------+

| DATABASE() |

+------------+

| mysql      |

+------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3)创建新的库

新建名为mydb的库,确认结果:

mysql> CREATE DATABASE mydb;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)

 

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;

+--------------------+

| Database           |

+--------------------+

| information_schema |

| mydb               |   //新建的mydb库

| mysql              |

| performance_schema |

| test               |

+--------------------+

5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

新建名为newdb的库,确认结果:

mysql> CREATE DATABASE newdb;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

 

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;

+--------------------+

| Database           |

+--------------------+

| information_schema |

| mydb               |   //新建的mydb库

| mysql              |

| newdb              |   //新建的newdb库

| performance_schema |

| test               |

+--------------------+

6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

新建数据库以后,会为每个数据库建立同名文件夹,可从命令行确认:

[root@dbsvr1 ~]# ls -l /var/lib/mysql/{my,new}db/

/var/lib/mysql/mydb/:

总用量 4

-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 65 1月   7 17:00 db.opt

 

/var/lib/mysql/newdb/:

总用量 4

-rw-rw----. 1 mysql mysql 65 1月   7 17:00 db.opt

4)删除指定的库

删除名为newdb的库:

mysql> DROP DATABASE newdb;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

 

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;   //确认删除结果,已无newdb表

+--------------------+

| Database           |

+--------------------+

| information_schema |

| mydb               |

| mysql              |

| performance_schema |

| test               |

+--------------------+

5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

步骤三:练习查看/删除/创建表的相关操作

1)查看指定的库里有哪些表

查看test库里有哪些表:

mysql> USE test;

Database changed

mysql> SHOW TABLES;

Empty set (0.00 sec)

查看mysql库里有哪些表:

mysql> USE mysql;

Reading table information for completion of table and column names

You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

 

Database changed

mysql> SHOW TABLES;

+---------------------------+

| Tables_in_mysql           |

+---------------------------+

| columns_priv              |

| db                        |

| event                     |

| func                      |

| general_log               |

| help_category             |

| help_keyword              |

| help_relation             |

| help_topic                |

| innodb_index_stats        |

| innodb_table_stats        |

| ndb_binlog_index          |

| plugin                    |

| proc                      |

| procs_priv                |

| proxies_priv              |

| servers                   |

| slave_master_info         |

| slave_relay_log_info      |

| slave_worker_info         |

| slow_log                  |

| tables_priv               |

| time_zone                 |

| time_zone_leap_second     |

| time_zone_name            |

| time_zone_transition      |

| time_zone_transition_type |

| user                      |   //存放数据库用户的表

+---------------------------+

28 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2)查看指定表的字段结构

当前库为mysql,查看columns_priv表的结构,以列表形式展现:

mysql> DESCRIBE columns_priv\G   //末尾不用分号

*************************** 1. row ***************************

  Field: Host

   Type: char(60)

   Null: NO

    Key: PRI

Default:

  Extra:

*************************** 2. row ***************************

  Field: Db

   Type: char(64)

   Null: NO

    Key: PRI

Default:

  Extra:

*************************** 3. row ***************************

  Field: User

   Type: char(16)

   Null: NO

    Key: PRI

Default:

  Extra:

*************************** 4. row ***************************

  Field: Table_name

   Type: char(64)

   Null: NO

    Key: PRI

Default:

  Extra:

*************************** 5. row ***************************

  Field: Column_name

   Type: char(64)

   Null: NO

    Key: PRI

Default:

  Extra:

*************************** 6. row ***************************

  Field: Timestamp

   Type: timestamp

   Null: NO

    Key:

Default: CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

  Extra: on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP

*************************** 7. row ***************************

  Field: Column_priv

   Type: set('Select','Insert','Update','References')

   Null: NO

    Key:

Default:

  Extra:

7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查看columns_priv表的结构,以表格形式展现:

mysql> DESCRIBE columns_priv;   //末尾需要有分号

+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+

| Field       | Type                                         | Null | Key | Default           | Extra                       |

+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+

| Host        | char(60)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |

| Db          | char(64)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |

| User        | char(16)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |

| Table_name  | char(64)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |

| Column_name | char(64)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |

| Timestamp   | timestamp                                    | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |

| Column_priv | set('Select','Insert','Update','References') | NO   |     |                   |                             |

+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+

7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

上述操作中,DESCRIBE可缩写为DESC;另外,当引用非当前库中的表时,可以用“库名.表名”的形式。比如,切换为mysql库再执行“DESCRIBE columns_priv;”,与以下操作的效果是相同的:

mysql> DESC mysql.columns_priv;

+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+

| Field       | Type                                         | Null | Key | Default           | Extra                       |

+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+

| Host        | char(60)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |

| Db          | char(64)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |

| User        | char(16)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |

| Table_name  | char(64)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |

| Column_name | char(64)                                     | NO   | PRI |                   |                             |

| Timestamp   | timestamp                                    | NO   |     | CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | on update CURRENT_TIMESTAMP |

| Column_priv | set('Select','Insert','Update','References') | NO   |     |                   |                             |

+-------------+----------------------------------------------+------+-----+-------------------+-----------------------------+

7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3)在test库中创建一个名为pwlist的表

包括name、password两列,其中name列作为主键。两个字段值均不允许为空,其中密码列赋予默认空值,相关操作如下所述。

切换到test库:

mysql> USE test;

Database changed

新建pwlist表:

mysql> CREATE TABLE pwlist(

    -> name CHAR(16) NOT NULL,

    -> password CHAR(48) DEFAULT '',

    -> PRIMARY KEY(name)

    -> );

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.26 sec)

确认新创建的表:

mysql> SHOW TABLES;

+----------------+

| Tables_in_test |

+----------------+

| pwlist         |   //新建的pwlist表

+----------------+

1 rows in set (0.01 sec)

查看pwlist表的字段结构:

mysql> DESC pwlist;

+----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field    | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |

+----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| name     | char(16) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |

| password | char(48) | YES  |     |         |       |

+----------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+

2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

 

4)删除指定的表

删除当前库中的pwlist表:

mysql> DROP TABLE pwlist;

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

确认删除结果:

mysql> SHOW TABLES;

Empty set (0.00 sec)

5)在test库中创建一个学员表

表格结构及数据内容如表-1所示。

在MySQL表内存储中文数据时,需要更改字符集(默认为latin1不支持中文),以便MySQL支持存储中文数据记录;比如,可以在创建库或表的时候,手动添加“DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8”来更改字符集。

根据上述表格结构,创建支持中文的student表:

mysql> CREATE TABLE test.student(

    -> 学号 char(9) NOT NULL,

    -> 姓名 varchar(4) NOT NULL,

    -> 性别 enum('男','女') NOT NULL,

    -> 手机号 char(11) DEFAULT '',

    -> 通信地址 varchar(64),

    -> PRIMARY KEY(学号)

    -> ) DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;   //手工指定字符集,采用utf8

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)

查看student表的字段结构:

mysql> DESC test.student;

+--------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field        | Type              | Null | Key | Default | Extra |

+--------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| 学号         | char(9)           | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |

| 姓名         | varchar(4)        | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| 性别         | enum('男','女')   | NO   |     | NULL    |       |

| 手机号       | char(11)          | YES  |     |         |       |

| 通信地址     | varchar(64)       | YES  |     | NULL    |       |

+--------------+-------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

5 rows in set (0.04 sec)

查看student表的实际创建指令:

mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE test.student;

+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

| Table   | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |

+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

| student | CREATE TABLE `student` (

  `学号` char(9) NOT NULL,

  `姓名` varchar(4) NOT NULL,

  `性别` enum('男','女') NOT NULL,

  `手机号` char(11) DEFAULT '',

  `通信地址` varchar(64) DEFAULT NULL,

  PRIMARY KEY (`学号`)

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8                  |

+---------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

注意:若要修改MySQL服务的默认字符集,可以更改服务器的my.cnf配置文件,添加character_set_server=utf8 配置然后重启数据库服务

[root@dbsvr1 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf   //修改运行服务配置

[mysqld]

.. ..

character_set_server=utf8

 

[root@dbsvr1 ~]# service mysql restart   //重启服务

.. ..

[root@dbsvr1 ~]# mysql –u root -p  

Enter password:

.. ..

mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character%';   //确认更改结果

+--------------------------+----------------------------+

| Variable_name            | Value                      |

+--------------------------+----------------------------+

| character_set_client     | utf8                       |

| character_set_connection | utf8                       |

| character_set_database   | utf8                       |

| character_set_filesystem | binary                     |

| character_set_results    | utf8                       |

| character_set_server     | utf8                       |

| character_set_system     | utf8                       |

| character_sets_dir       | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |

+--------------------------+----------------------------+

8 rows in set (0.03 sec)

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