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pyqt5实现俄罗斯方块游戏

2019-01-13 00:02 886 查看

本章我们要制作一个俄罗斯方块游戏。

Tetris

译注:称呼:方块是由四个小方格组成的

俄罗斯方块游戏是世界上最流行的游戏之一。是由一名叫Alexey Pajitnov的俄罗斯程序员在1985年制作的,从那时起,这个游戏就风靡了各个游戏平台。

俄罗斯方块归类为下落块迷宫游戏。游戏有7个基本形状:S、Z、T、L、反向L、直线、方块,每个形状都由4个方块组成,方块最终都会落到屏幕底部。所以玩家通过控制形状的左右位置和旋转,让每个形状都以合适的位置落下,如果有一行全部被方块填充,这行就会消失,并且得分。游戏结束的条件是有形状接触到了屏幕顶部。

方块展示:

PyQt5是专门为创建图形界面产生的,里面一些专门为制作游戏而开发的组件,所以PyQt5是能制作小游戏的。

制作电脑游戏也是提高自己编程能力的一种很好的方式。

开发

没有图片,所以就自己用绘画画出来几个图形。每个游戏里都有数学模型的,这个也是。

开工之前:

  • 用QtCore.QBasicTimer()创建一个游戏循环
  • 模型是一直下落的
  • 模型的运动是以小块为基础单位的,不是按像素
  • 从数学意义上来说,模型就是就是一串数字而已

代码由四个类组成:Tetris, Board, Tetrominoe和Shape。Tetris类创建游戏,Board是游戏主要逻辑。Tetrominoe包含了所有的砖块,Shape是所有砖块的代码。

#!/usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

"""
ZetCode PyQt5 tutorial
This is a Tetris game clone.

Author: Jan Bodnar
Website: zetcode.com
Last edited: August 2017
"""

from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QFrame, QDesktopWidget, QApplication
from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt, QBasicTimer, pyqtSignal
from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QColor
import sys, random

class Tetris(QMainWindow):

def __init__(self):
super().__init__()

self.initUI()

def initUI(self):
'''initiates application UI'''
self.tboard = Board(self)
self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)
self.statusbar = self.statusBar()
self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)
self.tboard.start()

self.resize(180, 380)
self.center()
self.setWindowTitle('Tetris')
self.show()

def center(self):
'''centers the window on the screen'''

screen = QDesktopWidget().screenGeometry()
size = self.geometry()
self.move((screen.width()-size.width())/2,
(screen.height()-size.height())/2)

class Board(QFrame):

msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)
BoardWidth = 10
BoardHeight = 22
Speed = 300

def __init__(self, parent):
super().__init__(parent)

self.initBoard()

def initBoard(self):
'''initiates board'''

self.timer = QBasicTimer()
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False

self.curX = 0
self.curY = 0
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.board = []

self.setFocusPolicy(Qt.StrongFocus)
self.isStarted = False
self.isPaused = False
self.clearBoard()

def shapeAt(self, x, y):
'''determines shape at the board position'''

return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]

def setShapeAt(self, x, y, shape):
'''sets a shape at the board'''

self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x] = shape

def squareWidth(self):
'''returns the width of one square'''

return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth

def squareHeight(self):
'''returns the height of one square'''

return self.contentsRect().height() // Board.BoardHeight

def start(self):
'''starts game'''

if self.isPaused:
return

self.isStarted = True
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.clearBoard()

self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))

self.newPiece()
self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
def pause(self):
'''pauses game'''

if not self.isStarted:
return

self.isPaused = not self.isPaused

if self.isPaused:
self.timer.stop()
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")

else:
self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))

self.update()

def paintEvent(self, event):
'''paints all shapes of the game'''

painter = QPainter(self)
rect = self.contentsRect()

boardTop = rect.bottom() - Board.BoardHeight * self.squareHeight()
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)

if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
self.drawSquare(painter,
rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)
if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:

for i in range(4):

x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),
self.curPiece.shape())

def keyPressEvent(self, event):
'''processes key press events'''

if not self.isStarted or self.curPiece.shape() == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
return

key = event.key()

if key == Qt.Key_P:
self.pause()
return

if self.isPaused:
return

elif key == Qt.Key_Left:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX - 1, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Right:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)

elif key == Qt.Key_Down:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateRight(), self.curX, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Up:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Space:
self.dropDown()
elif key == Qt.Key_D:
self.oneLineDown()

else:
super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)

def timerEvent(self, event):
'''handles timer event'''

if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():

if self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.newPiece()
else:
self.oneLineDown()

else:
super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)

def clearBoard(self):
'''clears shapes from the board'''

for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)

def dropDown(self):
'''drops down a shape'''

newY = self.curY

while newY > 0:

if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, newY - 1):
break

newY -= 1

self.pieceDropped()

def oneLineDown(self):
'''goes one line down with a shape'''

if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY - 1):
self.pieceDropped()

def pieceDropped(self):
'''after dropping shape, remove full lines and create new shape'''

for i in range(4):

x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.setShapeAt(x, y, self.curPiece.shape())

self.removeFullLines()

if not self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.newPiece()

def removeFullLines(self):
'''removes all full lines from the board'''

numFullLines = 0
rowsToRemove = []

for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):

n = 0
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
n = n + 1

if n == 10:
rowsToRemove.append(i)

rowsToRemove.reverse()

for m in rowsToRemove:

for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):
for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):
self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))

numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)

if numFullLines > 0:

self.numLinesRemoved = self.numLinesRemoved + numFullLines
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))

self.isWaitingAfterLine = True
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.update()

def newPiece(self):
'''creates a new shape'''

self.curPiece = Shape()
self.curPiece.setRandomShape()
self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1
self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()

if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):

self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.timer.stop()
self.isStarted = False
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")

def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):
'''tries to move a shape'''

for i in range(4):

x = newX + newPiece.x(i)
y = newY - newPiece.y(i)

if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:
return False

if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
return False

self.curPiece = newPiece
self.curX = newX
self.curY = newY
self.update()

return True

def drawSquare(self, painter, x, y, shape):
'''draws a square of a shape'''

colorTable = [0x000000, 0xCC6666, 0x66CC66, 0x6666CC,
0xCCCC66, 0xCC66CC, 0x66CCCC, 0xDAAA00]

color = QColor(colorTable[shape])
painter.fillRect(x + 1, y + 1, self.squareWidth() - 2,
self.squareHeight() - 2, color)

painter.setPen(color.lighter())
painter.drawLine(x, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x, y)
painter.drawLine(x, y, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y)

painter.setPen(color.darker())
painter.drawLine(x + 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1,
x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1)
painter.drawLine(x + self.squareWidth() - 1,
y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + 1)
class Tetrominoe(object):

NoShape = 0
ZShape = 1
SShape = 2
LineShape = 3
TShape = 4
SquareShape = 5
LShape = 6
MirroredLShape = 7

class Shape(object):

coordsTable = (
((0, 0),   (0, 0),   (0, 0),   (0, 0)),
((0, -1),  (0, 0),   (-1, 0),  (-1, 1)),
((0, -1),  (0, 0),   (1, 0),   (1, 1)),
((0, -1),  (0, 0),   (0, 1),   (0, 2)),
((-1, 0),  (0, 0),   (1, 0),   (0, 1)),
((0, 0),   (1, 0),   (0, 1),   (1, 1)),
((-1, -1),  (0, -1),  (0, 0),   (0, 1)),
((1, -1),  (0, -1),  (0, 0),   (0, 1))
)

def __init__(self):
self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)]
self.pieceShape = Tetrominoe.NoShape

self.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)

def shape(self):
'''returns shape'''

return self.pieceShape

def setShape(self, shape):
'''sets a shape'''

table = Shape.coordsTable[shape]

for i in range(4):
for j in range(2):
self.coords[i][j] = table[i][j]

self.pieceShape = shape

def setRandomShape(self):
'''chooses a random shape'''

self.setShape(random.randint(1, 7))

def x(self, index):
'''returns x coordinate'''

return self.coords[index][0]

def y(self, index):
'''returns y coordinate'''

return self.coords[index][1]

def setX(self, index, x):
'''sets x coordinate'''

self.coords[index][0] = x

def setY(self, index, y):
'''sets y coordinate'''

self.coords[index][1] = y

def minX(self):
'''returns min x value'''

m = self.coords[0][0]
for i in range(4):
m = min(m, self.coords[i][0])

return m

def maxX(self):
'''returns max x value'''

m = self.coords[0][0]
for i in range(4):
m = max(m, self.coords[i][0])

return m

def minY(self):
'''returns min y value'''

m = self.coords[0][1]
for i in range(4):
m = min(m, self.coords[i][1])

return m

def maxY(self):
'''returns max y value'''

m = self.coords[0][1]
for i in range(4):
m = max(m, self.coords[i][1])

return m

def rotateLeft(self):
'''rotates shape to the left'''

if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self

result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape

for i in range(4):

result.setX(i, self.y(i))
result.setY(i, -self.x(i))

return result

def rotateRight(self):
'''rotates shape to the right'''

if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self

result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape

for i in range(4):

result.setX(i, -self.y(i))
result.setY(i, self.x(i))

return result

if __name__ == '__main__':

app = QApplication([])
tetris = Tetris()
sys.exit(app.exec_())

游戏很简单,所以也就很好理解。程序加载之后游戏也就直接开始了,可以用P键暂停游戏,空格键让方块直接落到最下面。游戏的速度是固定的,并没有实现加速的功能。分数就是游戏中消除的行数。

self.tboard = Board(self)
self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)

创建了一个Board类的实例,并设置为应用的中心组件。

self.statusbar = self.statusBar()
self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)

创建一个statusbar来显示三种信息:消除的行数,游戏暂停状态或者游戏结束状态。msg2Statusbar是一个自定义的信号,用在(和)Board类(交互),showMessage()方法是一个内建的,用来在statusbar上显示信息的方法。

self.tboard.start()

初始化游戏:

class Board(QFrame):

msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)
...

创建了一个自定义信号msg2Statusbar,当我们想往statusbar里显示信息的时候,发出这个信号就行了。

BoardWidth = 10
BoardHeight = 22
Speed = 300

这些是Board类的变量。BoardWidthBoardHeight分别是board的宽度和高度。Speed是游戏的速度,每300ms出现一个新的方块。

...
self.curX = 0
self.curY = 0
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.board = []
...

initBoard()里初始化了一些重要的变量。self.board定义了方块的形状和位置,取值范围是0-7。

def shapeAt(self, x, y):
return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]

shapeAt()决定了board里方块的的种类。

def squareWidth(self):
return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth

board的大小可以动态的改变。所以方格的大小也应该随之变化。squareWidth()计算并返回每个块应该占用多少像素--也即Board.BoardWidth

def pause(self):
'''pauses game'''

if not self.isStarted:
return

self.isPaused = not self.isPaused

if self.isPaused:
self.timer.stop()
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")

else:
self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))

self.update()

pause()方法用来暂停游戏,停止计时并在statusbar上显示一条信息。

def paintEvent(self, event):
'''paints all shapes of the game'''

painter = QPainter(self)
rect = self.contentsRect()
...

渲染是在paintEvent()方法里发生的QPainter负责PyQt5里所有低级绘画操作。

for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)

if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
self.drawSquare(painter,
rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)

渲染游戏分为两步。第一步是先画出所有已经落在最下面的的图,这些保存在self.board里。可以使用shapeAt()查看这个这个变量。

if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:

for i in range(4):

x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),
self.curPiece.shape())

第二步是画出更在下落的方块。

elif key == Qt.Key_Right:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)

keyPressEvent()方法获得用户按下的按键。如果按下的是右方向键,就尝试把方块向右移动,说尝试是因为有可能到边界不能移动了。

elif key == Qt.Key_Up:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)

上方向键是把方块向左旋转一下

elif key == Qt.Key_Space:
self.dropDown()

空格键会直接把方块放到底部

elif key == Qt.Key_D:
self.oneLineDown()

D键是加速一次下落速度。

def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):

for i in range(4):

x = newX + newPiece.x(i)
y = newY - newPiece.y(i)

if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:
return False

if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
return False

self.curPiece = newPiece
self.curX = newX
self.curY = newY
self.update()
return True

tryMove()是尝试移动方块的方法。如果方块已经到达board的边缘或者遇到了其他方块,就返回False。否则就把方块下落到想要

def timerEvent(self, event):

if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():

if self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.newPiece()
else:
self.oneLineDown()

else:
super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)

在计时器事件里,要么是等一个方块下落完之后创建一个新的方块,要么是让一个方块直接落到底(move a falling piece one line down)。

def clearBoard(self):

for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)

clearBoard()方法通过Tetrominoe.NoShape清空broad

def removeFullLines(self):

numFullLines = 0
rowsToRemove = []

for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):

n = 0
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
n = n + 1

if n == 10:
rowsToRemove.append(i)

rowsToRemove.reverse()

for m in rowsToRemove:

for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):
for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):
self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))

numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)
...

如果方块碰到了底部,就调用removeFullLines()方法,找到所有能消除的行消除它们。消除的具体动作就是把符合条件的行消除掉之后,再把它上面的行下降一行。注意移除满行的动作是倒着来的,因为我们是按照重力来表现游戏的,如果不这样就有可能出现有些方块浮在空中的现象。

def newPiece(self):

self.curPiece = Shape()
self.curPiece.setRandomShape()
self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1
self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()

if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):

self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.timer.stop()
self.isStarted = False
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")

newPiece()方法是用来创建形状随机的方块。如果随机的方块不能正确的出现在预设的位置,游戏结束。

class Tetrominoe(object):

NoShape = 0
ZShape = 1
SShape = 2
LineShape = 3
TShape = 4
SquareShape = 5
LShape = 6
MirroredLShape = 7

Tetrominoe类保存了所有方块的形状。我们还定义了一个NoShape的空形状。

Shape类保存类方块内部的信息。

class Shape(object):

coordsTable = (
((0, 0),   (0, 0),   (0, 0),   (0, 0)),
((0, -1),  (0, 0),   (-1, 0),  (-1, 1)),
...
)
...

coordsTable元组保存了所有的方块形状的组成。是一个构成方块的坐标模版。

self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)]

上面创建了一个新的空坐标数组,这个数组将用来保存方块的坐标。

坐标系示意图:

上面的图片可以帮助我们更好的理解坐标值的意义。比如元组(0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, -1)代表了一个Z形状的方块。这个图表就描绘了这个形状。

def rotateLeft(self):

if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self

result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape

for i in range(4):

result.setX(i, self.y(i))
result.setY(i, -self.x(i))

return result

rotateLeft()方法向右旋转一个方块。正方形的方块就没必要旋转,就直接返回了。其他的是返回一个新的,能表示这个形状旋转了的坐标。

程序展示:

以上就是本文的全部内容,希望对大家的学习有所帮助,也希望大家多多支持脚本之家。

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