1.简介

本系列博文将分为三大部分，这是第一部分。分别介绍nginx的动态以及静态文件的缓存，使用nginx实现反向代理，以及nginx实现负载均衡。相信在读完本篇博文之后，你会对nginx强大的应用功能惊叹不已，并且深深的爱上这款轻量级web服务程序。

2.nginx实现静态文件缓存实战

1.nginx静态文件缓存

如果要熟练使用nginx来实现文件的缓存，那下面的几个指令你必须要牢记于心

指令1：proxy_cache_path

作用：设置缓存数据的相关信息

Syntax:     proxy_cache_path path [levels=levels] [use_temp_path=on|off] keys_zone=name:size [inactive=time] [max_size=size] [manager_files=number] [manager_sleep=time] [manager_threshold=time] [loader_files=number] [loader_sleep=time] [loader_threshold=time] [purger=on|off] [purger_files=number] [purger_sleep=time] [purger_threshold=time];
Default:     —
Context:     http

值：
path：缓存目录的位置
levels：指定使用几级缓存目录
keys_zone：指定缓存区域的名称和缓存空间的大小

例子：
proxy_cache_path /data/nginx/cache levels=1:4 keys_zone=mycache:10m;
说明
1：表示一级目录可以由1个字符来构成
4：表示二级目录可以由4个字符来构成
mycache：是这个缓存区域的名称
10m：可以缓存10M大小的数据

缓存结果
/data/nginx/cache/c/29ad/b7f54b2df7773722d382f4809d65029c

说明
/data/nginx/cache/：这里是缓存目录
c：因为一级目录可以由1个字符构成，所有这里随机出现一个c
29ad：二级目录由4个随机字符构成
b7f54b2df7773722d382f4809d65029c：缓存的数据

指令2：proxy_cache

作用：调用缓存

Syntax:     proxy_cache zone | off;
Default:     proxy_cache off;
Context:     http, server, location
注意：      该指令写在不同的位置，缓存数据对象也不同

指令3：proxy_cache_min_uses

作用：指定一个文件至少需要被用户访问多少次以后，才会被缓存，默认1

Syntax:     proxy_cache_min_uses number;
Default:     proxy_cache_min_uses 1;
Context:     http, server, location

指令4：proxy_cache_purge

Syntax:     proxy_cache_purge string ...;
Default:     —
Context:     http, server, location

使用场景：上游服务器中的资源发生了更改，但是缓存中的数据尚未过去，这个时候就需要手动执行purge让缓存中的数据过去
使用举例：
http {
proxy_cache_path /data/nginx/cache levels=1:4 keys_zone=mycache:10m;

server {
listen 10.220.5.196:80;
location / {
proxy_pass http://10.220.5.180:80:
proxy_cache mycache;
....
....
}

location = /cleanCache {
allow=
deny=
proxy_cache_purge mycache;  #这里需要指定上面定义的缓存名称
...
...
...
}
}
}

指令5：proxy_cache_valid

作用：定义缓存数据的有效期

Syntax:     proxy_cache_valid [code ...] time;
Default:     —
Context:     http, server, location

例子：
proxy_cache_valid 200 302 10m;
proxy_cache_valid 301      1h;
proxy_cache_valid any      1m;

指令6：proxy_cache_key

作用：指定缓存的key的名称

Syntax:     proxy_cache_key string;
Default:     proxy_cache_key $scheme$proxy_host$request_uri;
Context:     http, server, location

例子：
proxy_cache_key "$host$request_uri $cookie_user";
proxy_cache_key "$uri"

2.nginx实现缓存配置

1.环境准备

centos7.5

NGINX服务器端IP:172.20.10.8/28

HTTPD服务器端IP:172.20.10.7/28

HTTPD服务器端IP:172.20.10.9/28

客户端IP:172.20.10.4/28

2.nginx服务器端

使用yum下载nginx需要使用网络yum源，复制下面的代码到你的yum仓库即可下载

[ken]
name=ken
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7Server/x86_64/

下载nginx

[root@ken ~]# yum install nginx -y

配置nginx文件

# For more information on configuration, see:
#   * Official English Documentation: http://nginx.org/en/docs/
#   * Official Russian Documentation: http://nginx.org/ru/docs/

user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;

# Load dynamic modules. See /usr/share/nginx/README.dynamic.
include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;

events {
worker_connections 1024;
}

http {
log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;

sendfile            on;
tcp_nopush          on;
tcp_nodelay         on;
keepalive_timeout   65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;

include             /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type        application/octet-stream;

# Load modular configuration files from the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory.
# See http://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#include
# for more information.
#include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
proxy_cache_path /ken levels=1:2 keys_zone=kenken:100m;
add_header host $server_addr;
add_header cachestatus $upstream_cache_status;
server {
listen       80 default_server;
listen       [::]:80 default_server;
server_name  _;
root         /var/www/html;

# Load configuration files for the default server block.
# include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;

location / {
proxy_pass http://172.20.10.7:80;
proxy_set_header host $host;
proxy_set_header realip $remote_addr;

proxy_cache kenken;
proxy_cache_min_uses 3;
proxy_cache_valid any 10m;
}
}
}

 

创建缓存目录

[root@ken ~]# mkdir /ken

更改缓存目录的属主和属组

[root@ken ~]# chown -R nginx.nginx /ken

启动nignx

[root@ken ~]# systemctl start nginx
[root@ken ~]# ss -tnl | grep 80
LISTEN     0      128          *:80                       *:*
LISTEN     0      128         :::80                      :::*

3.配置web服务端

下载httpd

[root@ken ~]# yum install httpd -y

准备测试文件

[root@ken ~]# echo "this is 172.20.10.7 for test">>/var/www/html/index.html

启动httpd

[root@ken ~]# systemctl restart httpd

4.浏览器测试

输入nginx服务器端的IP地址

 

输入172.20.10.8的地址成功访问172.20.10.7的页面

查看web服务器端的访问日志

[root@ken ~]# tail -f /var/log/httpd/access_log

172.20.10.8 - - [02/Oct/2018:22:40:43 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 29 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/69.0.3497.92 Safari/537.36"

成功捕捉到来自172.20.10.8的访问请求

我们去查看nginx服务端是否已经有缓存产生

[root@ken /]# ls /ken/e/55/58be92261b4ffa2c4fe7e92be2f0255e

测试成功！

在nginx服务器端已经产生了缓存，再次刷新浏览器界面，在web服务器端都不会再产生访问日志，因为现在客户请求是直接从缓存提取的，没有再往后方节点来访问文件，这样可以大大提高网站的负载和并发能力。

3.nginx实现动态文件缓存实战

在完成了上面的静态文件缓存之后，相信动态文件的缓存对你来说也是轻而易举了，下面我们一鼓作气完成对动态文件的缓存吧。

1.环境准备

centos7.5

NGINX服务器端IP:172.20.10.8/28

WEB服务器端IP:172.20.10.9/28

2.配置nginx服务器端

下载php

[root@ken ~]# yum install php php-fpm -y

配置nginx文件

# For more information on configuration, see:
#   * Official English Documentation: http://nginx.org/en/docs/
#   * Official Russian Documentation: http://nginx.org/ru/docs/

user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;

# Load dynamic modules. See /usr/share/nginx/README.dynamic.
include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;

events {
worker_connections 1024;
}

http {
log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;

sendfile            on;
tcp_nopush          on;
tcp_nodelay         on;
keepalive_timeout   65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;

include             /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type        application/octet-stream;

# Load modular configuration files from the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory.
# See http://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#include
# for more information.
#include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
fastcgi_cache_path /kenken levels=1:2 keys_zone=kenken:100m;
add_header host $server_addr;
add_header cachestatus $upstream_cache_status;
server {
listen       80 default_server;
listen       [::]:80 default_server;
server_name  _;
root         /var/www/html;
index index.php;
# Load configuration files for the default server block.
# include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;

location ~^/.*(\.php)$ {
fastcgi_pass 172.20.10.9:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fastcgi.conf;

fastcgi_cache kenken;
fastcgi_cache_valid any 10m;
fastcgi_cache_key $request_uri;
}
}
}

创建缓存目录，并修改权限

[root@ken ~]# mkdir /kenken
[root@ken ~]# chown -R nginx.nginx /kenken

nginx语法检测

[root@ken ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful

启动nginx

[root@ken ~]# systemctl restart nginx

3.配置web服务器端

下载所需服务程序

[root@ken ~]# yum install httpd php-fpm php -y

配置php-fpm

[root@ken ~]# vim /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
...
10 ;   '/path/to/unix/socket' - to listen on a unix socket.
11 ; Note: This value is mandatory.
12 listen = 172.20.10.9:9000   #修改为本机ip地址
13
14 ; Set listen(2) backlog. A value of '-1' means unlimited.
15 ; Default Value: -1
16 ;listen.backlog = -1
17
18 ; List of ipv4 addresses of FastCGI clients which are allowed to connect.
19 ; Equivalent to the FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS environment variable in the original
20 ; PHP FCGI (5.2.2+). Makes sense only with a tcp listening socket. Each address
21 ; must be separated by a comma. If this value is left blank, connections will be
22 ; accepted from any ip address.
23 ; Default Value: any
24 listen.allowed_clients = 172.20.10.8  #修改为nginx服务端地址
...

启动php-fpm

[root@ken ~]# systemctl restart php-fpm
[root@ken ~]# ss -tnl
State       Recv-Q Send-Q               Local Address:Port                              Peer Address:Port
LISTEN      0      128                    172.20.10.9:9000                                         *:*

准备动态测试文件

[root@ken ~]# cd /var/www/html/
[root@ken html]# ls
index.html
[root@ken html]# vim index.php
<?php
phpinfo();
?>

重启nginx

[root@ken ~]# systemctl restart nginx

浏览器输入nginx服务端ip地址进行测试

访问成功，刷新几次查看nginx是否已经产生缓存

[root@ken ~]# ls /kenken/
1/ b/ e/
[root@ken ~]# ls /kenken/b/fe/c86156f7dcfecf44876ca30d1bac7feb

动态文件缓存成功！