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ASP.NET Core Middleware

2018-09-22 17:56 971 查看

中间件(Middleware)是ASP.NET Core中的一个重要特性。所谓中间件就是嵌入到应用管道中用于处理请求和响应的一段代码。ASP.NET Core Middleware可以分为两种类型：

Conventional Middleware

IMiddleware

Conventional Middleware

这种中间件没有实现特定的接口或者继承特定类，它更像是Duck Typing (你走起路来像个鸭子, 叫起来像个鸭子, 那么你就是个鸭子)。有两种表现形式：

匿名方法

这种方式又称为内联中间件（in-line middleware），可以使用Run, Map, Use,MapWhen等扩展方法来实现。如：

public class Startup
{
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
{
app.Use(async (context, next) =>
{
// Do work that doesn't write to the Response.
await next.Invoke();
// Do logging or other work that doesn't write to the Response.
});
}
}

IApplicationBuilder

的扩展方法：

Run

、

Map

、

MapWhen

及

Use(this IApplicationBuilder app, Func<HttpContext, Func<Task>, Task> middleware)

，最终都会调用

IApplicationBuilder

接口中的

Use(Func<RequestDelegate, RequestDelegate> middleware)

方法来实现向请求处理管道中注入中间件，后面会对源码做分析。

自定义中间件类

这种形式利于代码的复用，如：

public class XfhMiddleware
{
private readonly RequestDelegate _next;

//在应用程序的生命周期中，中间件的构造函数只会被调用一次
public XfhMiddleware(RequestDelegate next)
{
this._next = next;
}

public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext context)
{
// Do something...
await _next(context);
}
}

public static class XfhMiddlewareExtension
{
public static IApplicationBuilder UseXfhMiddleware(this IApplicationBuilder builder)
{
// 使用UseMiddleware将自定义中间件添加到请求处理管道中
return builder.UseMiddleware<XfhMiddleware>();
}
}

将自定义中间件配置到请求处理管道中

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
{
app.UseXfhMiddleware();
}

IMiddleware

IMiddleware

提供了强类型约束的中间件，其默认实现是MiddlewareFactory，接口定义如下：

public interface IMiddleware
{
Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext context, RequestDelegate next);
}

IMiddlewareFactory

用于创建

IMiddleware

实例及对实例进行回收，接口定义：

public interface IMiddlewareFactory
{
public IMiddleware Create (Type middlewareType);

public void Release (IMiddleware middleware);
}

自定义

IMiddleware

类型中间件

public class MyMiddleware : IMiddleware
{
public async Task InvokeAsync(HttpContext context, RequestDelegate next)
{
await next(context);
}
}

public static class MyMiddlewareExtensions
{
public static IApplicationBuilder UseMyMiddleware(this IApplicationBuilder builder)
{
return builder.UseMiddleware<MyMiddleware>();
}
}

将中间件注入到请求处理管道：

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
{
app.UseMyMiddleware();
}

使用

IMiddleware

类型的中间件需要在容器中进行注册，否则抛异常，具体原因下面分析：

将中间件注入到容器中：

public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
services.AddSingleton<MyMiddleware>();
services.AddMvc();
}

一段警告

下面贴一段微软文档中的警告，大意是不要试图去改变已发往客户端的响应内容，否则可能会引发异常。实在是太懒了，不想翻译就把原文贴出来了：

Warning

Don't call

next.Invoke

after the response has been sent to the client. Changes to HttpResponse after the response has started throw an exception. For example, changes such as setting headers and a status code throw an exception. Writing to the response body after calling next:

May cause a protocol violation. For example, writing more than the stated Content-Length.

May corrupt the body format. For example, writing an HTML footer to a CSS file.

HasStarted is a useful hint to indicate if headers have been sent or the body has been written to.

UseMiddleware

前面将自定义中间件注入到请求处理管道时用到了UseMiddleware方法，从方法签名中可以看到

UserMiddleware

可以接受多个参数：

public static class UseMiddlewareExtensions
{
public static IApplicationBuilder UseMiddleware<TMiddleware>(this IApplicationBuilder app,
params object[] args);

public static IApplicationBuilder UseMiddleware(this IApplicationBuilder app,
Type middleware, params object[] args);
}

接下来我们看下

UserMiddleware

方法的具体实现，由于该方法代码量较大，所以这里只看其中的关键部分，方法整体流程如下：

public static IApplicationBuilder UseMiddleware(this IApplicationBuilder app, Type middleware,
params object[] args)
{
// IMiddleware类型
if (typeof(IMiddleware).GetTypeInfo().IsAssignableFrom(middleware.GetTypeInfo()))
{
// IMiddleware doesn't support passing args directly since it's
// activated from the container
if (args.Length > 0)
{
throw new NotSupportedException(
Resources.FormatException_UseMiddlewareExplicitArgumentsNotSupported(typeof(IMiddleware)));
}
return UseMiddlewareInterface(app, middleware);
}

// Conventional Middleware
var applicationServices = app.ApplicationServices;
return app.Use(next =>
{
// 判断传入的中间件是否符合约束
});
}

该方法首先判断传入的middleware是否是

IMiddleware

类型，如果是则调用

UseMiddlewareInterface

从这段代码中可以看到

IMiddlewareFactory

负责创建并回收

IMiddleware

对象

public static class UseMiddlewareExtensions
{
private static IApplicationBuilder UseMiddlewareInterface(IApplicationBuilder app, Type middlewareType)
{
return app.Use(next =>
{
return async context =>
{
// 从容器中获取IMiddlewareFactory实例
var middlewareFactory =
(IMiddlewareFactory) context.RequestServices.GetService(typeof(IMiddlewareFactory));
if (middlewareFactory == null)
{
// No middleware factory
throw new InvalidOperationException(
Resources.FormatException_UseMiddlewareNoMiddlewareFactory(typeof(IMiddlewareFactory)));
}

var middleware = middlewareFactory.Create(middlewareType);
if (middleware == null)
{
// The factory returned null, it's a broken implementation
throw new InvalidOperationException(
Resources.FormatException_UseMiddlewareUnableToCreateMiddleware(middlewareFactory.GetType(),
middlewareType));
}

try
{
await middleware.InvokeAsync(context, next);
}
finally
{
middlewareFactory.Release(middleware);
}
};
});
}
}

从

MiddlewareFactory

的

Create

方法中可以看到，

IMiddleware

实例是从容器中获取的，若容器中找不到则会抛出异常：

public class MiddlewareFactory : IMiddlewareFactory
{
private readonly IServiceProvider _serviceProvider;

public MiddlewareFactory(IServiceProvider serviceProvider)
{
this._serviceProvider = serviceProvider;
}

public IMiddleware Create(Type middlewareType)
{
return ServiceProviderServiceExtensions.GetRequiredService(this._serviceProvider, middlewareType) as IMiddleware;
}

public void Release(IMiddleware middleware)
{
}
}

若是

Conventional Middleware

则判断传入的middleware是否符合约束

首先判断传入的middleware中是否仅包含一个名称为Invoke或InvokeAsync的公共实例方法

// UseMiddlewareExtensions类中的两个常量
internal const string InvokeMethodName = "Invoke";
internal const string InvokeAsyncMethodName = "InvokeAsync";

// UserMiddleware方法
var methods = middleware.GetMethods(BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public);
var invokeMethods = methods.Where(m =>
string.Equals(m.Name, InvokeMethodName, StringComparison.Ordinal)
|| string.Equals(m.Name, InvokeAsyncMethodName, StringComparison.Ordinal)
).ToArray();
if (invokeMethods.Length > 1)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException(
Resources.FormatException_UseMiddleMutlipleInvokes(InvokeMethodName, InvokeAsyncMethodName));
}
if (invokeMethods.Length == 0)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException(
Resources.FormatException_UseMiddlewareNoInvokeMethod(InvokeMethodName, InvokeAsyncMethodName,
middleware));
}

其次判断方法的返回类型是否是

Task

：

var methodInfo = invokeMethods[0];
if (!typeof(Task).IsAssignableFrom(methodInfo.ReturnType))
{
throw new InvalidOperationException(
Resources.FormatException_UseMiddlewareNonTaskReturnType(InvokeMethodName,
InvokeAsyncMethodName, nameof(Task)));
}

然后再判断，方法的第一个参数是否是

HttpContext

类型：

var parameters = methodInfo.GetParameters();
if (parameters.Length == 0 || parameters[0].ParameterType != typeof(HttpContext))
{
throw new InvalidOperationException(
Resources.FormatException_UseMiddlewareNoParameters(InvokeMethodName, InvokeAsyncMethodName,
nameof(HttpContext)));
}

对于

Invoke

或

InvokeAsync

仅包含一个

HttpContext

类型参数的情况用到了反射(ActivatorUtilities.CreateInstance方法中)来构建

RequestDelegate

var ctorArgs = new object[args.Length + 1];
ctorArgs[0] = next;
Array.Copy(args, 0, ctorArgs, 1, args.Length);
var instance = ActivatorUtilities.CreateInstance(app.ApplicationServices, middlewa
if (parameters.Length == 1)
{
return (RequestDelegate) methodInfo.CreateDelegate(typeof(RequestDelegate), in
}

对于包含多个参数的情况，则使用了表达式树来构建

RequestDelegate

var factory = Compile<object>(methodInfo, parameters);
return context =>
{
var serviceProvider = context.RequestServices ?? applicationServices;
if (serviceProvider == null)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException(
Resources.FormatException_UseMiddlewareIServiceProviderNotAvailable(
nameof(IServiceProvider)));
}
return factory(instance, context, serviceProvider);
};

完整的代码可以在Github上看到。

Use(Func<RequestDelegate, RequestDelegate> middleware)

上述所有中间件，最终都会调用

IApplicationBuilder

接口中的

Use(Func<RequestDelegate, RequestDelegate> middleware)

方法来实现向请求处理管道中注册中间件，该方法在ApplicationBuilder类的实现如下：

public class ApplicationBuilder : IApplicationBuilder
{
private readonly IList<Func<RequestDelegate, RequestDelegate>> _components =
new List<Func<RequestDelegate, RequestDelegate>>();

public IApplicationBuilder Use(Func<RequestDelegate, RequestDelegate> middleware)
{
this._components.Add(middleware);
return this;
}
}

从上面代码中可以看到，中间件是一个

RequestDelegate

类型的委托，请求处理管道其实是一个委托列表，请求委托签名如下：

public delegate Task RequestDelegate(HttpContext context);

与ASP.NET处理管道的区别

传统的ASP.NET的处理管道是基于事件模型的，处理管道有多个

IHttpModule

和一个

IHttpHandler

组成。请求处理管道中各个模块被调用的顺序取决于两方面：

模块所注册事件被触发的先后顺序

注册同一事件的不同模块执行先后顺序有

Web.config

中的配置顺序决定

ASP.NET Core的请求处理管道则是有一堆中间件组成，相对ASP.NET更简单。

中间件处理请求和响应的顺序只与其在代码中的注册顺序有关：处理请求按注册顺序依次执行，处理响应按注册顺序反方向依次执行。

其次，在ASP.NET Core中只需使用代码，而无需使用

Global.asax

和

Web.config

来配置请求处理管道。

小结

所谓中间件就是嵌入到应用管道中用于处理请求和响应的一段代码，它主要有两个作用：

处理请求和响应

可以阻止请求发往请求处理管道中的下一个中间件

在ASP.NET Core中，中间件是以

RequestDelegate

委托的形式体现的。

ASP.NET Core中整个请求处理管道的创建是围绕这种

IApplicationBuilder

接口进行的，请求处理管道是一个

List<RequestDelegate>

类型的列表。