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orm优化

1. 数据库技术进行优化，包括给字段加索引，设置唯一性约束等等；

2. 查询过滤工作在数据库语句中做，不要放在代码中完成（看情况）；

3. 如果要一次查询出集合的数量，使用count函数，而不是len函数，但是如果后面还需要到集合，那就用len，因为count还需要进行一次数据库的操作；

4. 避免过多的使用count和exists函数；

5. 如果需要查询对象的外键，则使用外键字段而不是使用关联的外键的对象的主键；

例子：
a.b_id # 正确
a.b.id  # 错误

1. 在通过all语句查询时，不要做跨表查询，只查询当前表中有的数据，否则查询语句的性能会下降很多;

比如：a表存在外键b表
a.b.all() # 错误

1. 如果想要查询其他表的数据，则加上select_related(ForeignKey字段名，其实就是主动联表查询，性能也会下降)，如果有多个，则在括号中加上；

2. 加only参数是从查询结果中只取某个字段,而另外一个defer方法则是从查询结果中排除某个字段；

3. 不要获取你不需要的东西，可以通过values和value_list实现；

values返回的是字典数组，比如：[{'key1': value1, 'key2': value2}, {'key1': value3, 'key2': value4}]
value_list返回的是tuple数组 [('value1', 'value2'), ('value3', 'value4')]
value_list+flat=True返回的是数组 ['value1', ...]

1. 如果想知道是否存在至少一个结果，使用exists，而不是使用if QuerySet；但是如果后面需要用到前面的QuerySet，那就可以使用if 判断；

#  Don't waste a query if you are using the queryset
books = Book.objects.filter(..)
if len(books) > 5:
do_stuff_with_books(books)
#  If you aren't using the queryset use count
books = Book.objects.filter(..)
if books.count() > 5:
do_some_stuff()
#  But never
if len(Book.objects.filter(..)) > 5:
do_some_stuff()

1. 在任何位置使用QuerySet.exists()或者QuerySet.count()都会导致额外的查询；

2. 不要做无所谓的排序，排序并非没有代价，每个排序的字段都是数据库必须执行的操作；

3. 如果要插入多条数据，则使用bulk_create来批量插入，减少sql查询的数量；

4. 对于缓存的QuerySet对象使用with标签，可以让数据被缓存起来使用；

5. 使用QuerySet.extra明确的指出要查询的字段；

6. 批量的更新和删除则使用Queryset.update和delete函数，但是更新操作注意对象的缓存；

7. 使用QuerySet.Iterator迭代大数据；

当你获得一个queryset的时候，django会缓存下来，保存在内存中，如果需要对queryset进行多次的循环，那么这种缓存无可厚非； 但是如果你只需要进行一次的循环，那么其实并不需要缓存，这个使用就可以使用iterator；

比如:
for book in Books.objects.all().iterator():
do_stuff(book)

1. 如果想判断是否存在外键，只需要判断外键的id即可；

2. 不要在循环中查询，而是提前取出，并且做好映射关系，这样在循环中直接通过字典的形式获取到；

3. 当计算出一个QuerySet的时候，如果还需要进行多次循环的话，则可以先保留着这个缓存，但是如果只是使用一次的话，没有必要使用到缓存；

python优化：

1. 排序尽量使用 .sort()， 其中使用 key 比 cmp 效率更高

参考： http://www.atjiang.com/2scoopsdjango1.8-24-finding-and-reducing-bottlenecks/