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Tomcat7.0源码分析——请求原理分析(上)

2018-01-30 09:07 651 查看


前言

  谈起Tomcat的诞生,最早可以追溯到1995年。近20年来,Tomcat始终是使用最广泛的Web服务器,由于其使用Java语言开发,所以广为Java程序员所熟悉。很多早期的J2EE项目,由程序员自己实现Jsp页面或者Servlet接受请求,后来借助Struts1、Struts2、Spring等中间件后,实际也是利用Filter或者Servlet处理请求,大家肯定要问了,这些Servlet处理的请求来自哪里?Tomcat作为Web服务器是怎样将HTTP请求交给Servlet的呢?

  本文就Tomcat对HTTP的请求处理细节进行分析。

  提示:阅读本文前,请确保首先理解了《Tomcat7.0源码分析——生命周期管理》中的内容。


Connector的初始化

  根据《Tomcat7.0源码分析——生命周期管理》一文的内容,我们知道Tomcat中有很多容器,包括Server、Service、Connector等。其中Connector正是与HTTP请求处理相关的容器。Service是Server的子容器,而Connector又是Service的子容器。那么这三个容器的初始化顺序为:Server->Service->Connector。Connector的实现分为以下几种:

Http Connector:基于HTTP协议,负责建立HTTP连接。它又分为BIO Http Connector(是Tomcat的默认Connector)与NIO Http Connector两种,后者提供对非阻塞IO与长连接Comet的支持。
AJP Connector:基于AJP协议,AJP是专门设计用于Tomcat与HTTP服务器通信定制的协议,能提供较高的通信速度和效率。如与Apache服务器集成时,采用这个协议。
APR HTTP Connector:用C实现,通过JNI调用的。主要提升对静态资源(如HTML、图片、CSS、JS等)的访问性能。现在这个库已独立出来可用在任何项目中。APR性能较前两类有很大提升。

现在我们直接来看Connector的initInternal方法吧,见代码清单1。

代码清单1

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@Override

protected void initInternal() throws LifecycleException {

super.initInternal();

// Initialize adapter

adapter = new CoyoteAdapter(this);

protocolHandler.setAdapter(adapter);

IntrospectionUtils.setProperty(protocolHandler, "jkHome",

System.getProperty("catalina.base"));

onameProtocolHandler = register(protocolHandler,

createObjectNameKeyProperties("ProtocolHandler"));

mapperListener.setDomain(getDomain());

onameMapper = register(mapperListener,

createObjectNameKeyProperties("Mapper"));

}

代码清单1说明了Connector的初始化步骤如下:


步骤一 构造网络协议处理的CoyoteAdapter

  代码清单1构造了CoyoteAdapter对象,并且将其设置为ProtocolHandler的Adapter。ProtocolHandler是做什么的呢?Tomcat处理HTTP请求,需要有一个ServerSocket监听网络端口来完成任务。接口ProtocolHandler被设计成控制网络端口监听组件运行,负责组件的生命周期控制,这个接口实际并没有定义网络端口监听功能的规范,而是用于负责维护组件的生命周期。从ProtocolHandler的名字来看,它应该是网络协议的处理者,但它实际不负责这个功能,而是将其交给org.apache.coyote.Adapter来完成,这么设计估计是为了方便维护和拓展新功能。Http11Protocol是ProtocolHandler接口的一个实现(是Connector的默认处理协议),被设计用来处理HTTP1.1网络协议的请求,通过该类可以完成在某个网络端口上面的监听,同时以HTTP1.1的协议来解析请求内容,然后将请求传递到Connector所寄居的Container容器pipeline流水工作线上处理。此处的ProtocolHandler是何时生成的呢?还记得《Tomcat7.0源码分析——SERVER.XML文件的加载与解析》一文中的Digester和Rule吗?Digester在解析到标签的时候,会执行startElement方法,startElement中会调用Rule的begin(String
namespace, String name, Attributes attributes)方法,Connector对应的Rule就包括了ConnectorCreateRule。ConnectorCreateRule的begin方法的实现见代码清单2。

代码清单2

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@Override

public void begin(String namespace, String name, Attributes attributes)

throws Exception {

Service svc = (Service)digester.peek();

Executor ex = null;

if ( attributes.getValue("executor")!=null ) {

ex = svc.getExecutor(attributes.getValue("executor"));

}

Connector con = new Connector(attributes.getValue("protocol"));

if ( ex != null ) _setExecutor(con,ex);

digester.push(con);

}

代码清单2中调用了Connector的构造器,传递的参数为属性protocol。我们知道server.xml中默认的Connector有两个:

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<Connector port="8080" protocol="HTTP/1.1"

connectionTimeout="20000"

redirectPort="8443" />

<!-- Define an AJP 1.3 Connector on port 8009 -->

<Connector port="8009" protocol="AJP/1.3" redirectPort="8443" />

从server.xml可以看到两个Connector都有属性protocol。

Connector的构造器实现,见代码清单3。

代码清单3

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public Connector(String protocol) {

setProtocol(protocol);

// Instantiate protocol handler

try {

Class<?> clazz = Class.forName(protocolHandlerClassName);

this.protocolHandler = (ProtocolHandler) clazz.newInstance();

} catch (Exception e) {

log.error

(sm.getString

("coyoteConnector.protocolHandlerInstantiationFailed", e));

}

}

setProtocol方法(见代码清单4)根据protocol参数的不同,调用setProtocolHandlerClassName方法(见代码清单5)设置protocolHandlerClassName属性。以HTTP/1.1为例,由于默认情况下Apr不可用,所以protocolHandlerClassName会被设置为org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Protocol,那么反射生成的protocolHandler就是Http11Protocol实例。Tomcat默认还会配置协议是AJP/1.3的Connector,那么此Connector的protocolHandler就是org.apache.coyote.ajp.AjpProtocol。

代码清单4

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/**

* Set the Coyote protocol which will be used by the connector.

*

* @param protocol The Coyote protocol name

*/

public void setProtocol(String protocol) {

if (AprLifecycleListener.isAprAvailable()) {

if ("HTTP/1.1".equals(protocol)) {

setProtocolHandlerClassName

("org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11AprProtocol");

} else if ("AJP/1.3".equals(protocol)) {

setProtocolHandlerClassName

("org.apache.coyote.ajp.AjpAprProtocol");

} else if (protocol != null) {

setProtocolHandlerClassName(protocol);

} else {

setProtocolHandlerClassName

("org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11AprProtocol");

}

} else {

if ("HTTP/1.1".equals(protocol)) {

setProtocolHandlerClassName

("org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Protocol");

} else if ("AJP/1.3".equals(protocol)) {

setProtocolHandlerClassName

("org.apache.coyote.ajp.AjpProtocol");

} else if (protocol != null) {

setProtocolHandlerClassName(protocol);

}

}

}

代码清单5

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public void setProtocolHandlerClassName(String protocolHandlerClassName) {

this.protocolHandlerClassName = protocolHandlerClassName;

}

除此之外,ProtocolHandler还有其它实现,如图1所示。



图1  ProtocolHandler类继承体系

图1中有关ProtocolHandler的实现类都在org.apache.coyote包中 。前面所说的BIO Http Connector实际就是Http11Protocol,NIO Http Connector实际就是Http11NioProtocol,AJP Connector包括AjpProtocol和AjpAprProtocol,APR HTTP Connector包括AjpAprProtocol、Http11AprProtocol,此外还有一个MemoryProtocolHandler(这个是做什么的,目前没搞清楚,有知道的同学告诉我下啊!)。


步骤二 将ProtocolHandler、MapperListener注册到JMX

  BIO Http Connector的ProtocolHandler(即Http11Protocol)的JMX注册名为Catalina:type=ProtocolHandler,port=8080。BIO Http Connector的MapperListener的注册名为Catalina:type=Mapper,port=8080。AJP Connector的ProtocolHandler(即AjpProtocol)的JMX注册名为Catalina:type=ProtocolHandler,port=8009。AJP
Connector的MapperListener的注册名为Catalina:type=Mapper,port=8009。有关Tomcat中JMX注册的内容,请阅读《Tomcat7.0源码分析——生命周期管理》一文。


Connector的启动

  根据《Tomcat7.0源码分析——生命周期管理》一文的内容,我们知道Tomcat中有很多容器。ProtocolHandler的初始化稍微有些特殊,Server、Service、Connector这三个容器的初始化顺序为:Server->Service->Connector。值得注意的是,ProtocolHandler作为Connector的子容器,其初始化过程并不是由Connector的initInternal方法调用的,而是与启动过程一道被Connector的startInternal方法所调用。由于本文的目的是分析请求,所以直接从Connector的startInternal方法(见代码清单6)开始。

代码清单6

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/**

* Begin processing requests via this Connector.

*

* @exception LifecycleException if a fatal startup error occurs

*/

@Override

protected void startInternal() throws LifecycleException {

setState(LifecycleState.STARTING);

// Protocol handlers do not follow Lifecycle conventions.

// protocolHandler.init() needs to wait until the connector.start()

try {

protocolHandler.init();

} catch (Exception e) {

throw new LifecycleException

(sm.getString

("coyoteConnector.protocolHandlerInitializationFailed", e));

}

try {

protocolHandler.start();

} catch (Exception e) {

String errPrefix = "";

if(this.service != null) {

errPrefix += "service.getName(): \"" + this.service.getName() + "\"; ";

}

throw new LifecycleException

(errPrefix + " " + sm.getString

("coyoteConnector.protocolHandlerStartFailed", e));

}

// MapperListener doesn't follow Lifecycle conventions either gja

mapperListener.init();

}

代码清单6说明了Connector的startInternal方法的执行顺序如下:

将Connector容器的状态更改为启动中(LifecycleState.STARTING);
初始化ProtocolHandler;
启动ProtocolHandler;
初始化MapperListener。


初始化ProtocolHandler

  简单起见,我们以Http11Protocol为例剖析ProtocolHandler的init方法,其实现见代码清单7。

代码清单7

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@Override

public void init() throws Exception {

((JIoEndpoint)endpoint).setName(getName());

((JIoEndpoint)endpoint).setHandler(cHandler);

// Verify the validity of the configured socket factory

try {

if (isSSLEnabled()) {

sslImplementation =

SSLImplementation.getInstance(sslImplementationName);

socketFactory = sslImplementation.getServerSocketFactory();

((JIoEndpoint)endpoint).setServerSocketFactory(socketFactory);

} else if (socketFactoryName != null) {

socketFactory = (ServerSocketFactory) Class.forName(socketFactoryName).newInstance();

((JIoEndpoint)endpoint).setServerSocketFactory(socketFactory);

}

} catch (Exception ex) {

log.error(sm.getString("http11protocol.socketfactory.initerror"),

ex);

throw ex;

}

20000
if (socketFactory!=null) {

Iterator<String> attE = attributes.keySet().iterator();

while( attE.hasNext() ) {

String key = attE.next();

Object v=attributes.get(key);

socketFactory.setAttribute(key, v);

}

}

try {

endpoint.init();

} catch (Exception ex) {

log.error(sm.getString("http11protocol.endpoint.initerror"), ex);

throw ex;

}

if (log.isInfoEnabled())

log.info(sm.getString("http11protocol.init", getName()));

}

从代码清单7看到,Http11Protocol的初始化步骤如下:


步骤一 设置JIoEndpoint的名称

  JIoEndpoint的名称默认为http-8080,这里的JIoEndpoint是在调用Http11Protocol的构造器时创建的,Http11Protocol的构造器中还设置了socket的延迟关闭选项soLingerOn、socket的延时关闭秒数soLingerTime、socket连接超时时间soTimeout、提高socket性能的tcpNoDelay等选项,见代码清单8。

代码清单8

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public Http11Protocol() {

endpoint = new JIoEndpoint();

setSoLinger(Constants.DEFAULT_CONNECTION_LINGER);

setSoTimeout(Constants.DEFAULT_CONNECTION_TIMEOUT);

//setServerSoTimeout(Constants.DEFAULT_SERVER_SOCKET_TIMEOUT);

setTcpNoDelay(Constants.DEFAULT_TCP_NO_DELAY);

}


步骤二 设置JIoEndpoint的Handler

  JIoEndpoint的handler被设置为cHandler,此cHandler的定义如下:

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protected Http11ConnectionHandler cHandler = new Http11ConnectionHandler(this);


步骤三 配置ServerSocketFactory

从代码清单7看到,生成ServerSocketFactory有三种方式:

如果在server.xml中配置Connector时指定了SSLEnabled="true"的属性,那么创建带有SSL(Secure Sockets Layer 安全套接层)的ServerSocketFactory;
如果Http11Protocol指定了socketFactoryName,则使用socketFactoryName反射生成ServerSocketFactory实例;
如果不满足以上2个条件,那么JIoEndpoint的init方法(见代码清单9)将创建ServerSocketFactory。当SSLEnabled="true"时,JIoEndpoint的init方法还会给ServerSocketFactory设置一些SSL相关的属性。最后使用此ServerSocketFactory创建serverSocket。此外,acceptorThreadCount属性用于指定接受连接的线程数,可以通过给Connector设置acceptorThreadCount属性进行调整,默认值为1。

代码清单9

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@Override

public void init()

throws Exception {

if (initialized)

return;

// Initialize thread count defaults for acceptor

if (acceptorThreadCount == 0) {

acceptorThreadCount = 1;

}

if (serverSocketFactory == null) {

serverSocketFactory = ServerSocketFactory.getDefault();

}

if (isSSLEnabled()) {

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_ALGORITHM,

getAlgorithm());

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_CLIENT_AUTH,

getClientAuth());

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_KEYSTORE_FILE,

getKeystoreFile());

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_KEYSTORE_PASS,

getKeystorePass());

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_KEYSTORE_TYPE,

getKeystoreType());

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_KEYSTORE_PROVIDER,

getKeystoreProvider());

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_SSL_PROTOCOL,

getSslProtocol());

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_CIPHERS,

getCiphers());

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_KEY_ALIAS,

getKeyAlias());

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_KEY_PASS,

getKeyPass());

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_TRUSTSTORE_FILE,

getTruststoreFile());

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_TRUSTSTORE_PASS,

getTruststorePass());

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_TRUSTSTORE_TYPE,

getTruststoreType());

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_TRUSTSTORE_PROVIDER,

getTruststoreProvider());

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_TRUSTSTORE_ALGORITHM,

getTruststoreAlgorithm());

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_CRL_FILE,

getCrlFile());

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_TRUST_MAX_CERT_LENGTH,

getTrustMaxCertLength());

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_SESSION_CACHE_SIZE,

getSessionCacheSize());

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_SESSION_TIMEOUT,

getSessionTimeout());

serverSocketFactory.setAttribute(SSL_ATTR_ALLOW_UNSAFE_RENEG,

getAllowUnsafeLegacyRenegotiation());

}

if (serverSocket == null) {

try {

if (getAddress() == null) {

serverSocket = serverSocketFactory.createSocket(getPort(), getBacklog());

} else {

serverSocket = serverSocketFactory.createSocket(getPort(), getBacklog(), getAddress());

}

} catch (BindException orig) {

String msg;

if (getAddress() == null)

msg = orig.getMessage() + " <null>:" + getPort();

else

msg = orig.getMessage() + " " +

getAddress().toString() + ":" + getPort();

BindException be = new BindException(msg);

be.initCause(orig);

throw be;

}

}

//if( serverTimeout >= 0 )

// serverSocket.setSoTimeout( serverTimeout );

initialized = true;

}


启动ProtocolHandler

  我们继续以Http11Protocol为例,剖析ProtocolHandler的start方法,其实现见代码清单10。

代码清单10

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@Override

public void start() throws Exception {

if (this.domain != null) {

try {

tpOname = new ObjectName

(domain + ":" + "type=ThreadPool,name=" + getName());

Registry.getRegistry(null, null)

.registerComponent(endpoint, tpOname, null );

} catch (Exception e) {

log.error("Can't register endpoint");

}

rgOname=new ObjectName

(domain + ":type=GlobalRequestProcessor,name=" + getName());

Registry.getRegistry(null, null).registerComponent

( cHandler.global, rgOname, null );

}

try {

endpoint.start();

} catch (Exception ex) {

log.error(sm.getString("http11protocol.endpoint.starterror"), ex);

throw ex;

}

if (log.isInfoEnabled())

log.info(sm.getString("http11protocol.start", getName()));

}

从代码清单10可以知道JIoEndpoint以Catalina:type=ThreadPool,name=http-8080注册到JMX,cHandler.global(Http11ConnectionHandler的对象属性,类型为RequestGroupInfo)以Catalina:type=GlobalRequestProcessor,name=http-8080注册到JMX。最后调用JIoEndpoint的start方法(见代码清单11)创建接受请求的线程池并创建一定数量的接收请求线程。

代码清单11

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@Override

public void start() throws Exception {

// Initialize socket if not done before

if (!initialized) {

init();

}

if (!running) {

running = true;

paused = false;

// Create worker collection

if (getExecutor() == null) {

createExecutor();

}

// Start acceptor threads

for (int i = 0; i < acceptorThreadCount; i++) {

Thread acceptorThread = new Thread(new Acceptor(), getName() + "-Acceptor-" + i);

acceptorThread.setPriority(threadPriority);

acceptorThread.setDaemon(getDaemon());

acceptorThread.start();

}

}

}

从代码清单11看出JIoEndpoint的start方法的执行步骤如下:


步骤一 对JIoEndpoint做初始化检查

  这一步实际就是判断是否已经初始化(即initialized是否为true),如果没有初始化则需要调用JIoEndpoint的init方法进行初始化。


步骤二 创建线程池与任务队列

  如果JIoEndpoint尚未处于运行中(即running等于false),才会创建线程池和任务队列。如果尚未创建线程池(即调用getExecutor方法等于null),则需要调用createExecutor方法(见代码清单12)创建线程池和任务队列TaskQueue。

代码清单12

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public void createExecutor() {

internalExecutor = true;

TaskQueue taskqueue = new TaskQueue();

TaskThreadFactory tf = new TaskThreadFactory(getName() + "-exec-", daemon, getThreadPriority());

executor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(getMinSpareThreads(), getMaxThreads(), 60, TimeUnit.SECONDS,taskqueue, tf);

taskqueue.setParent( (ThreadPoolExecutor) executor);

}


步骤三 创建接收请线程

  如果JIoEndpoint尚未处于运行中(即running等于false),才会创建接收请求线程。从代码清单11可以看出接收请求线程的数量主要由acceptorThreadCount控制,代码清单9已经告诉我们acceptorThreadCount的默认值为1,但是我们可以通过给Connector增加acceptorThreadCount属性来修改接收请求线程的数量。这些接收请求线程的主要工作由Acceptor完成,Acceptor的实质是一个Runnable,见代码清单13。

代码清单13

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/**

* Server socket acceptor thread.

*/

protected class Acceptor implements Runnable {

/**

* The background thread that listens for incoming TCP/IP connections and

* hands them off to an appropriate processor. gja

*/

public void run() {

// Loop until we receive a shutdown command

while (running) {

// Loop if endpoint is paused

while (paused) {

try {

Thread.sleep(1000);

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

// Ignore

}

}

// Accept the next incoming connection from the server socket

try {

Socket socket = serverSocketFactory.acceptSocket(serverSocket);

serverSocketFactory.initSocket(socket);

// Hand this socket off to an appropriate processor

if (!processSocket(socket)) {

// Close socket right away

try {

socket.close();

} catch (IOException e) {

// Ignore

}

}

}catch ( IOException x ) {

if ( running ) log.error(sm.getString("endpoint.accept.fail"), x);

} catch (Throwable t) {

log.error(sm.getString("endpoint.accept.fail"), t);

}

// The processor will recycle itself when it finishes

}

}

}


初始化MapperListener

  MapperListener的init方法用于初始化,见代码清单14。

代码清单14

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/**

* Initialize associated mapper.

*/

public void init() {

// Find any components that have already been initialized since the

// MBean listener won't be notified as those components will have

// already registered their MBeans jiaan

findDefaultHost();

Engine engine = (Engine) connector.getService().getContainer();

engine.addContainerListener(this);

Container[] conHosts = engine.findChildren();

for (Container conHost : conHosts) {

Host host = (Host) conHost;

if (!LifecycleState.NEW.equals(host.getState())) {

host.addLifecycleListener(this);

// Registering the host will register the context and wrappers

registerHost(host);

}

}

}

从代码清单14看到MapperListener的初始化步骤如下:


步骤一 查找默认Host

  StandardService的子容器包括:StandardEngine、Connector和Executor。MapperListener本身会持有Connector,所以可以通过各个容器的父子关系,找到Connector的同级容器StandardEngine。StandardHost是StandardEngine的子容器,Engine和Host的默认配置如下:

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<Engine name="Catalina" defaultHost="localhost">

<Realm className="org.apache.catalina.realm.UserDatabaseRealm"

resourceName="UserDatabase"/>

<Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps"

unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true">

<Valve className="org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve" directory="logs"

prefix="localhost_access_log." suffix=".txt"

pattern="%h %l %u %t "%r" %s %b" resolveHosts="false"/>

</Host>

</Engine>

findDefaultHost方法(见代码清单15)可以获取上面配置中的默认Host,Engine元素的defaultHost属性值必须要与配置的某个Host元素的name属性值相同。如果defaultHost的属性值配置无误,则会添加为MapperListener的Mapper对象属性的defaultHostName。

代码清单15

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private void findDefaultHost() {

Engine engine = (Engine) connector.getService().getContainer();

String defaultHost = engine.getDefaultHost();

boolean found = false;

if (defaultHost != null && defaultHost.length() >0) {

Container[] containers = engine.findChildren();

for (Container container : containers) {

Host host = (Host) container;

if (defaultHost.equalsIgnoreCase(host.getName())) {

found = true;

break;

}

String[] aliases = host.findAliases();

for (String alias : aliases) {

if (defaultHost.equalsIgnoreCase(alias)) {

found = true;

break;

}

}

}

}

if(found) {

mapper.setDefaultHostName(defaultHost);

} else {

log.warn(sm.getString("mapperListener.unknownDefaultHost",

defaultHost));

}

}


步骤二 将Host及其子容器Context,Context的子容器Wrapper注册到MapperListener的Mapper对象

  Mapper的数据结构,见代码清单16。

代码清单16

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/**

* Array containing the virtual hosts definitions.

*/

protected Host[] hosts = new Host[0];

/**

* Default host name.

*/

protected String defaultHostName = null;

/**

* Context associated with this wrapper, used for wrapper mapping.

*/

protected Context context = new Context();

protected static abstract class MapElement {

public String name = null;

public Object object = null;

}

protected static final class Host

extends MapElement {

public ContextList contextList = null;

}

protected static final class ContextList {

public Context[] contexts = new Context[0];

public int nesting = 0;

}

protected static final class Context

extends MapElement {

public String path = null;

public String[] welcomeResources = new String[0];

public javax.naming.Context resources = null;

public Wrapper defaultWrapper = null;

public Wrapper[] exactWrappers = new Wrapper[0];

public Wrapper[] wildcardWrappers = new Wrapper[0];

public Wrapper[] extensionWrappers = new Wrapper[0];

public int nesting = 0;

}

protected static class Wrapper

extends MapElement {

public String path = null;

public boolean jspWildCard = false;

}

根据代码清单16,我们知道Mapper中维护着一个Host数组,每个Host中有一个ContextList,这个ContextList中维护着一个Context数组。每个Context维护着一个defaultWrapper,三个Wrapper数组(exactWrappers、wildcardWrappers、extensionWrappers)。下面对Host、Context及Wrapper进行功能上的介绍:

Host:代表一个虚拟主机,各Host的name不能相同,appBase代表各虚拟主机的应用发布位置;
Context:代表一个应用,Context可以根据应用的/WEB-INF/web.xml文件中定义的servlet来处理请求。一个Host下可以有多个Context;
Wrapper: 代表一个Servlet或者jsp,它负责管理一个 Servlet,包括的 Servlet 的装载、初始化、执行以及资源回收。

以我本地为例,注册到Mapper中的Host及其子容器如图2所示。



图2  注册到Mapper中的Host及其Context子容器

图2说明Host内一共5个Context,由于我的Tomcat是从svn拉下来的,所以webapps目录下的.svn文件夹也是一个Context,除了这个天外来客,我将其它与请求有关的容器整理后用图3来展示。



图3  我本地的Host、Context及Wrapper

  至此,Tomcat中为请求处理的准备工作已经完成。有关请求的处理过程请继续阅读《Tomcat7.0源码分析——请求原理分析(中)》一文。
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