什么是xadmin?什么是django-rest-framework？

　　xadmin是开源的一个类似于django自带的后台管理系统admin的开源模块，它基于bootstrap3框架,内置强大的插件系统,根据项目需求可以自定义扩展，它比admin功能更加丰富，更加便于我们项目的开发。

　　关于django-rest-framework是基于restful API标准而开发的一套针对django框架的api框架，作为目前流行的前后端分离架构，django-rest-framework通过强大的标准api接口,以及api文档自动撰写功能等对我们后端项目开发就是一种福音.

搭建开发环境

本次演示基于python3.6，django2.0（目前xadmin已经支持django2.0+)

创建虚拟环境并激活进入虚拟环境

virtualenv xadminenv
source xadminenv/bin/active

进入python环境可以看到，我们虚拟环境默认安装的python环境为3.6的

安装django，这里我们加上豆瓣源，https://pypi.douban.com/simple/

pip3 install -i https://pypi.douban.com/simple/ django

使用pip list命令可以看到，我使用的django为2.0版本

创建项目

创建项目目录

django-admin startproject myproj

项目结构如下：

myproj /
manage.py
myproj /
__init__ .py
setting.py
url.py
wsgi.PY

关于django的其它用法见我的关于django使用的文章，这里我们着重研究xadmin的使用

下面几步仅仅是为了演示需求

我们创建几个应用

python manage.py startapp users
python manage.py startapp trade
python manage.py startapp goods
python manage.py startapp user_operateion

我们在manage.py同级创建一个apps的文件夹用于存放我们的各个应用，同时创建一个extra_apps用于存放第三方包，将我们的应用放入相应的包

settings.py配置

import os
import sys

# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
sys.path.insert(0,os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'apps'))      #将应用包加入系统变量，便于模块导入
sys.path.insert(0,os.path.join(BASE_DIR,'extra_apps'))

# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/howto/deployment/checklist/

# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
SECRET_KEY = ')57n02l@w9p9)g(47pcp6+uofk$&-a_eqburb%r2n$#w751^fa'

# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
DEBUG = True

ALLOWED_HOSTS = []

# Application definition

INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'users',      #注册app
'goods',
'trade',
'user_operation',
]

一切就绪，编写我们的model

users/models.py

from datetime import datetime

from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser

# Create your models here.

class UserProfile(AbstractUser):
"""
用户
"""
name = models.CharField(max_length=30, null=True, blank=True, verbose_name="姓名")
birthday = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True, verbose_name="出生年月")
gender = models.CharField(max_length=6, choices=(("male", u"男"), ("female", "女")), default="female", verbose_name="性别")
mobile = models.CharField(null=True, blank=True, max_length=11, verbose_name="电话")
email = models.EmailField(max_length=100, null=True, blank=True, verbose_name="邮箱")

class Meta:
verbose_name = "用户"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

def __str__(self):
return self.username

class VerifyCode(models.Model):
"""
短信验证码
"""
code = models.CharField(max_length=10, verbose_name="验证码")
mobile = models.CharField(max_length=11, verbose_name="电话")
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name="添加时间")

class Meta:
verbose_name = "短信验证码"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

def __str__(self):
return self.code

goos/models.py

from datetime import datetime

from django.db import models
from DjangoUeditor.models import UEditorField
# Create your models here.

class GoodsCategory(models.Model):
"""
商品类别
"""
CATEGORY_TYPE = (
(1, "一级类目"),
(2, "二级类目"),
(3, "三级类目"),
)

name = models.CharField(default="", max_length=30, verbose_name="类别名", help_text="类别名")
code = models.CharField(default="", max_length=30, verbose_name="类别code", help_text="类别code")
desc = models.TextField(default="", verbose_name="类别描述", help_text="类别描述")
category_type = models.IntegerField(choices=CATEGORY_TYPE, verbose_name="类目级别", help_text="类目级别")
parent_category = models.ForeignKey("self", null=True, blank=True, verbose_name="父类目级别", help_text="父目录",
related_name="sub_cat",on_delete=models.CASCADE)
is_tab = models.BooleanField(default=False, verbose_name="是否导航", help_text="是否导航")
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name="添加时间")

class Meta:
verbose_name = "商品类别"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

def __str__(self):
return self.name

class GoodsCategoryBrand(models.Model):
"""
品牌名
"""
category = models.ForeignKey(GoodsCategory, related_name='brands', null=True, blank=True, verbose_name="商品类目",on_delete=models.CASCADE)
name = models.CharField(default="", max_length=30, verbose_name="品牌名", help_text="品牌名")
desc = models.TextField(default="", max_length=200, verbose_name="品牌描述", help_text="品牌描述")
image = models.ImageField(max_length=200, upload_to="brands/")
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name="添加时间")

class Meta:
verbose_name = "品牌"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
db_table = "goods_goodsbrand"

def __str__(self):
return self.name

class Goods(models.Model):
"""
商品
"""
category = models.ForeignKey(GoodsCategory, verbose_name="商品类目",on_delete=models.CASCADE)
goods_sn = models.CharField(max_length=50, default="", verbose_name="商品唯一货号")
name = models.CharField(max_length=100, verbose_name="商品名")
click_num = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name="点击数")
sold_num = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name="商品销售量")
fav_num = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name="收藏数")
goods_num = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name="库存数")
market_price = models.FloatField(default=0, verbose_name="市场价格")
shop_price = models.FloatField(default=0, verbose_name="本店价格")
goods_brief = models.TextField(max_length=500, verbose_name="商品简短描述")
goods_desc = UEditorField(verbose_name=u"内容", imagePath="goods/images/", width=1000, height=300,
filePath="goods/files/", default='')
ship_free = models.BooleanField(default=True, verbose_name="是否承担运费")
goods_front_image = models.ImageField(upload_to="goods/images/", null=True, blank=True, verbose_name="封面图")
is_new = models.BooleanField(default=False, verbose_name="是否新品")
is_hot = models.BooleanField(default=False, verbose_name="是否热销")
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name="添加时间")

class Meta:
verbose_name = '商品'
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

def __str__(self):
return self.name

class IndexAd(models.Model):
category = models.ForeignKey(GoodsCategory, related_name='category',verbose_name="商品类目",on_delete=models.CASCADE)
goods =models.ForeignKey(Goods, related_name='goods',on_delete=models.CASCADE)

class Meta:
verbose_name = '首页商品类别广告'
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

def __str__(self):
return self.goods.name

class GoodsImage(models.Model):
"""
商品轮播图
"""
goods = models.ForeignKey(Goods, verbose_name="商品", related_name="images",on_delete=models.CASCADE)
image = models.ImageField(upload_to="", verbose_name="图片", null=True, blank=True)
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name="添加时间")

class Meta:
verbose_name = '商品图片'
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

def __str__(self):
return self.goods.name

class Banner(models.Model):
"""
轮播的商品
"""
goods = models.ForeignKey(Goods, verbose_name="商品",on_delete=models.CASCADE)
image = models.ImageField(upload_to='banner', verbose_name="轮播图片")
index = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name="轮播顺序")
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name="添加时间")

class Meta:
verbose_name = '轮播商品'
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

def __str__(self):
return self.goods.name

class HotSearchWords(models.Model):
"""
热搜词
"""
keywords = models.CharField(default="", max_length=20, verbose_name="热搜词")
index = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name="排序")
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name="添加时间")

class Meta:
verbose_name = '热搜词'
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

def __str__(self):
return self.keywords

trade/models.py

from datetime import datetime

from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model

from goods.models import Goods
User = get_user_model()
# Create your models here.

class ShoppingCart(models.Model):
"""
购物车
"""
user = models.ForeignKey(User, verbose_name=u"用户",on_delete=models.CASCADE)
goods = models.ForeignKey(Goods, verbose_name=u"商品",on_delete=models.CASCADE)
nums = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name="购买数量")

add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加时间")

class Meta:
verbose_name = '购物车'
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
unique_together = ("user", "goods")

def __str__(self):
return "%s(%d)".format(self.goods.name, self.nums)

class OrderInfo(models.Model):
"""
订单
"""
ORDER_STATUS = (
("TRADE_SUCCESS", "成功"),
("TRADE_CLOSED", "超时关闭"),
("WAIT_BUYER_PAY", "交易创建"),
("TRADE_FINISHED", "交易结束"),
("paying", "待支付"),
)

user = models.ForeignKey(User, verbose_name="用户",on_delete=models.CASCADE)
order_sn = models.CharField(max_length=30, null=True, blank=True, unique=True, verbose_name="订单号")
trade_no = models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True, null=True, blank=True, verbose_name=u"交易号")
pay_status = models.CharField(choices=ORDER_STATUS, default="paying", max_length=30, verbose_name="订单状态")
post_script = models.CharField(max_length=200, verbose_name="订单留言")
order_mount = models.FloatField(default=0.0, verbose_name="订单金额")
pay_time = models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True, verbose_name="支付时间")

# 用户信息
address = models.CharField(max_length=100, default="", verbose_name="收货地址")
signer_name = models.CharField(max_length=20, default="", verbose_name="签收人")
singer_mobile = models.CharField(max_length=11, verbose_name="联系电话")

add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name="添加时间")

class Meta:
verbose_name = u"订单"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

def __str__(self):
return str(self.order_sn)

class OrderGoods(models.Model):
"""
订单的商品详情
"""
order = models.ForeignKey(OrderInfo, verbose_name="订单信息", related_name="goods",on_delete=models.CASCADE)
goods = models.ForeignKey(Goods, verbose_name="商品",on_delete=models.CASCADE)
goods_num = models.IntegerField(default=0, verbose_name="商品数量")

add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name="添加时间")

class Meta:
verbose_name = "订单商品"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

def __str__(self):
return str(self.order.order_sn)

user_operation/models.py

from datetime import datetime

from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model

from goods.models import Goods
# Create your models here.
User = get_user_model()

class UserFav(models.Model):
"""
用户收藏
"""
user = models.ForeignKey(User, verbose_name="用户",on_delete=models.CASCADE)
goods = models.ForeignKey(Goods, verbose_name="商品", help_text="商品id",on_delete=models.CASCADE)
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name=u"添加时间")

class Meta:
verbose_name = '用户收藏'
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
unique_together = ("user", "goods")

def __str__(self):
return self.user.username

class UserLeavingMessage(models.Model):
"""
用户留言
"""
MESSAGE_CHOICES = (
(1, "留言"),
(2, "投诉"),
(3, "询问"),
(4, "售后"),
(5, "求购")
)
user = models.ForeignKey(User, verbose_name="用户",on_delete=models.CASCADE)
message_type = models.IntegerField(default=1, choices=MESSAGE_CHOICES, verbose_name="留言类型",
help_text=u"留言类型: 1(留言),2(投诉),3(询问),4(售后),5(求购)")
subject = models.CharField(max_length=100, default="", verbose_name="主题")
message = models.TextField(default="", verbose_name="留言内容", help_text="留言内容")
file = models.FileField(upload_to="message/images/", verbose_name="上传的文件", help_text="上传的文件")
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name="添加时间")

class Meta:
verbose_name = "用户留言"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

def __str__(self):
return self.subject

class UserAddress(models.Model):
"""
用户收货地址
"""
user = models.ForeignKey(User, verbose_name="用户" ,on_delete=models.CASCADE)
province = models.CharField(max_length=100, default="", verbose_name="省份")
city = models.CharField(max_length=100, default="", verbose_name="城市")
district = models.CharField(max_length=100, default="", verbose_name="区域")
address = models.CharField(max_length=100, default="", verbose_name="详细地址")
signer_name = models.CharField(max_length=100, default="", verbose_name="签收人")
signer_mobile = models.CharField(max_length=11, default="", verbose_name="电话")
add_time = models.DateTimeField(default=datetime.now, verbose_name="添加时间")

class Meta:
verbose_name = "收货地址"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

def __str__(self):
return self.address

模型编写完成，设置一下我们的数据库配置，我这里使用mysql

myproj/settings.py

DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
'NAME': 'myproj',
'USER':'root',
'PASSWORD':'123456',
'HOST':'localhost',
'POSRT':'3306',
'OPTIONS': {
'init_command': 'SET default_storage_engine=INNODB',
}
}
}

AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'users.UserProfile'    #由于我们在users/models.py继承了django的AbstractUser，所以需要在settings.py中指定我们自定义的user模型,否则创建模型会报E304错误

执行以下命令，生成我们的数据库迁移脚本并生成数据库模型

python manage.py makemigrations
python mange.py migrate

如果报错，显示以下错误信息

因为我们未安装数据库连接驱动

pip3 install -i https://pypi.douban.com/simple/ mysqlclient

编辑myproj/__init__.py

import pymysql

pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()   #因为mysqldb不支持3.5及以上版本，这里我们使用pymysql,这句话意思是将pymysql包传入mysqldb进行初始化

 此时仍然报错，因为我们在创建goods/models.py里面的模型时候，使用了DjangoUeditorapp，但我们实际上还未导入这个包,因为这个属于第三方包，我们使用源码导入，并将其放置在extra_apps目录下,源码下载路径:http://ueditor.baidu.com/website/ 

在myproj/settings.py中注册此app

此时再执行数据库迁移命令，如下

此时，数据库迁移模型已经生成，我们只需再执行migrate命令同步数据库即可

此时数据库中已经有我们的数据表模型了

 

以上步骤都完成以后就可以开始着手创建系统管理后台了，关于django自带的admin这里不再阐述，我们直接开始xadmin的集成

xadmin的集成

导入xadmin，这里我们选择源码导入，https://github.com/sshwsfc/xadmin/tree/django2下载django2对应的源码到本地，将xadmin文件夹整体拷贝到我们的extra_apps目录下,并在settings.py文件中注册

INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'users',      #注册app
'goods',
'trade',
'user_operation',
'DjangoUeditor',
'xadmin'   #注册xadmin
]

根据xadmin源码，由于xadmin模块需要依赖其它包，我们在这里一一安装

pip3 install -i https://pypi.douban.com/simple/ django-crispy-forms>=1.6.0 django-import-export>=0.5.1 django-reversion>=2.0.0 django-formtools==2.0 future==0.15.2 httplib2==0.9.2 six==1.10.0

在settings.py中注册crispy_forms

创建超级管理员

python manage.py createsuperuser

配置xadminurl

import xadmin

urlpatterns = [
# url('admin/', admin.site.urls),
re_path(r'xadmin/',xadmin.site.urls)
]

配置完之后，需要同步以下数据库，生成xadmin需要的数据库表

此时，运行项目,访问，localhost:8000/xadmin

 

 

 至此，我们的xadmin后台就初步搭建完成了，下面我们注册我们的各个app项目

在之前apps下面的app中分别创建adminx.py文件,里面用来定义xadmin的定制类

users/adminx.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8

import xadmin
from xadmin import views
from .models import VerifyCode

class BaseSetting(object):
enable_themes = True
use_bootswatch = True

class GlobalSettings(object):
site_title = "后台管理"      #设置头标题
site_footer = "shopping center"      #设置脚标题
# menu_style = "accordion"

class VerifyCodeAdmin(object):
list_display = ['code', 'mobile', "add_time"]

xadmin.site.register(VerifyCode, VerifyCodeAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(views.BaseAdminView, BaseSetting)
xadmin.site.register(views.CommAdminView, GlobalSettings)

goos/adminx.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8
import xadmin
from .models import Goods, GoodsCategory, GoodsImage, GoodsCategoryBrand, Banner, HotSearchWords
from .models import IndexAd

class GoodsAdmin(object):
list_display = ["name", "click_num", "sold_num", "fav_num", "goods_num", "market_price",
"shop_price", "goods_brief", "goods_desc", "is_new", "is_hot", "add_time"]
search_fields = ['name', ]
list_editable = ["is_hot", ]
list_filter = ["name", "click_num", "sold_num", "fav_num", "goods_num", "market_price",
"shop_price", "is_new", "is_hot", "add_time", "category__name"]
style_fields = {"goods_desc": "ueditor"}

class GoodsImagesInline(object):
model = GoodsImage
exclude = ["add_time"]
extra = 1
style = 'tab'

inlines = [GoodsImagesInline]

class GoodsCategoryAdmin(object):
list_display = ["name", "category_type", "parent_category", "add_time"]
list_filter = ["category_type", "parent_category", "name"]
search_fields = ['name', ]

class GoodsBrandAdmin(object):
list_display = ["category", "image", "name", "desc"]

def get_context(self):
context = super(GoodsBrandAdmin, self).get_context()
if 'form' in context:
context['form'].fields['category'].queryset = GoodsCategory.objects.filter(category_type=1)
return context

class BannerGoodsAdmin(object):
list_display = ["goods", "image", "index"]

class HotSearchAdmin(object):
list_display = ["keywords", "index", "add_time"]

class IndexAdAdmin(object):
list_display = ["category", "goods"]

xadmin.site.register(Goods, GoodsAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(GoodsCategory, GoodsCategoryAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(Banner, BannerGoodsAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(GoodsCategoryBrand, GoodsBrandAdmin)

xadmin.site.register(HotSearchWords, HotSearchAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(IndexAd, IndexAdAdmin)

trade/adminx.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
__author__ = 'bobby'

import xadmin
from .models import ShoppingCart, OrderInfo, OrderGoods

class ShoppingCartAdmin(object):
list_display = ["user", "goods", "nums", ]

class OrderInfoAdmin(object):
list_display = ["user", "order_sn",  "trade_no", "pay_status", "post_script", "order_mount",
"order_mount", "pay_time", "add_time"]

class OrderGoodsInline(object):
model = OrderGoods
exclude = ['add_time', ]
extra = 1
style = 'tab'

inlines = [OrderGoodsInline, ]

xadmin.site.register(ShoppingCart, ShoppingCartAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(OrderInfo, OrderInfoAdmin)

user_operation/adminx.py

#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8
import xadmin
from .models import UserFav, UserLeavingMessage, UserAddress

class UserFavAdmin(object):
list_display = ['user', 'goods', "add_time"]

class UserLeavingMessageAdmin(object):
list_display = ['user', 'message_type', "message", "add_time"]

class UserAddressAdmin(object):
list_display = ["signer_name", "signer_mobile", "district", "address"]

xadmin.site.register(UserFav, UserFavAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(UserAddress, UserAddressAdmin)
xadmin.site.register(UserLeavingMessage, UserLeavingMessageAdmin)

 

 

到此，我们的项目app都已经集成到xadmin后台中,至于xadmin自定义字段表示的意思，可以查询相关文档