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Django 视图，模板，路由规则

2017-12-22 20:28 766 查看
View 视图 (续)

1、获取用户请求数据

　　request.GET

　　request.POST

　　request.FILES

2、checkbox等多选的内容

request.POST.getlist()

3、上传文件

#  form标签做特殊设置 enctype="multipart/form-data"

obj = request.FILES.get('fn')

f = open(obj.name, mode='wb')

for item in obj.chunks():

　　f.write(item)

　　f.close()

对于<form>表单，django将 value提取到request.POST,将文件提取到 request.FILES 

示例：





# Create your views here.
import os
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect

def register(request):
if request.method == "GET":
return render(request, 'login.html')
elif request.method == "POST":
# input
u = request.POST.get('user')
p = request.POST.get('pwd')
print(u,p)

# radio
g = request.POST.get('gender')
print(g)

# checkbox
f = request.POST.getlist('favor')
print(f)

v = request.POST.get('fn')
print(v)  # 打印出的是文件名
obj = request.FILES.get('fn')
print(obj,type(obj),obj.name)  # obj是django.core.files.uploadedfile.InMemoryUploadedFile 类的对象
file_path = os.path.join('upload', obj.name)
f = open(file_path, mode="wb")
for i in obj.chunks():         # chunks 在InMemoryUploadedFile类中
f.write(i)
f.close()

return render(request, 'login.html')
else:
# PUT,DELETE,HEAD,OPTION...
return redirect('/index/')








<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/login/" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<p>
<input type="text" name="user" placeholder="用户名" />
</p>
<p>
<input type="password" name="pwd" placeholder="密码" />
</p>
<p>
男：<input type="radio"  name="gender" value="1"/>
女：<input type="radio" name="gender" value="2"/>
</p>
<p>
football：<input type="checkbox"  name="favor" value="11"/>
basketball ：<input type="checkbox" name="favor" value="22"/>
</p>
<p>
<select name="city" multiple>
<option value="sh">上海</option>
<option value="bj">北京</option>
<option value="tj">天津</option>
</select>
</p>
<p>
<input type="file" name="fn"/>
</p>

<input type="submit" value="提交"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>




request.environ 

request.POST、request.GET、request.COOKIES 本质是获取request.environ中的值，request.environ 封装了所有用户请求信息，如需获取其他值通过request.environ 



from django.core.handlers.wsgi import WSGIRequest
def index(request):
print(type(request)) # 查看request属于哪个类
print(request.environ)
print(request.environ['HTTP_USER_AGENT']
for k,v in request.environ.items():
print(k,v)
return HttpResponse('OK')




 

FBV (function base view) & CBV (Class base view)

FBV (function base view)

# urls.py 

urlpatterns = [

　　url(r'^url/', views.func),  # 函数名

]

# view.py

def func(request):

　　...

CBV (Class base view)

urlpatterns = [

url(r'^home/',views.Home.as_view()), # CBV固定用法, 执行类中指定的方法 

]

# views.py

from django.views import View

class Home(View):

　　def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):

　　　　result = super(Home,self).dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)

　　　　return result

　　def func(self,request):

　　　　...



# urls.py
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^home/',views.Home.as_view()), # CBV固定用法
]

# views.py
from django.views import View
class Home(View):
def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# 调用父类中的 dispatch
print('before')  # 这样就类似于装饰器，可以定制操作
result = super(Home,self).dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
print('after')
return result
　　# 先执行dispatch，基于反射(getattr)找到相应的方法
def get(self,request):
print(request.method)
return render(request, 'home.html')

def post(self,request):
print(request.method,'POST')
return render(request, 'home.html')




 

模板渲染 (续)

循环字典



# views.py
USER_DICT = {
'k1': 'v1',
'k2': 'v2',
'k3': 'v3',
'k4': 'v4',
'k5': 'v5',
}
return render(request, 'index.html', {'user_dict': USER_DICT})




html



<ul>
{% for k in user_dict.keys %}
<li>{{k}}</li>
{% enfor %}
</ul>
<ul>
{% for val in user_dict.values %}
<li>{{val}}</li>
{% enfor %}
</ul>
<ul>
{% for k,row in user_dict.items %}
<li>{{k}}-{{row}}</li>
{% enfor %}
</ul>




示例：查看详细  http:127.0.0.1:8000/detail/?nid=1 





# Create your views here.
from django.shortcuts import render

USER_DICT = {
'1': {'name': 'root1', 'email': 'root@live.com'},
'2': {'name': 'root2', 'email': 'root@live.com'},
'3': {'name': 'root3', 'email': 'root@live.com'},
'4': {'name': 'root4', 'email': 'root@live.com'},
'5': {'name': 'root5', 'email': 'root@live.com'},
}

def index(request):
return render(request, 'index.html', {'user_dict': USER_DICT})

def detail(request):
nid = request.GET.get('nid')
detail_info = USER_DICT[nid]
return render(request, 'detail.html', {'detail_info': detail_info})








<!-- index.html -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<ul>
{% for k,row in user_dict.items %}
<li>
<a target="_blank" href="/datail/?nid={{ k }}">  {{row.name}} </a>
</li>
{% enfor %}
</ul>

</body>
</html>








<!-- detail.html -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>详细信息</h1>
<h6>用户名：{{ detail_info.name }}</h6>
<h6>邮箱：{{ detail_info.email }}</h6>
</body>
</html>




 

URL路由

静态路由：一个url对应一个函数或类

url(r'^index/', views.index), 

url(r'^home/', views.Home.as_view()),   #CBV,继承view

动态路由：一类url对应一个函数

url(r'^detail-(\d+).html', views.detail),

示例：查看详细  http:127.0.0.1:8000/detail-1.html





# Create your views here.
from django.shortcuts import render

USER_DICT = {
'1': {'name': 'root1', 'email': 'root@live.com'},
'2': {'name': 'root2', 'email': 'root@live.com'},
'3': {'name': 'root3', 'email': 'root@live.com'},
'4': {'name': 'root4', 'email': 'root@live.com'},
'5': {'name': 'root5', 'email': 'root@live.com'},
}

def detail(request,nid):  # 直接从url中获取nid
detail_info = USER_DICT[nid]
return render(request, 'detail.html', {'detail_info': detail_info})

def index(request):
return render(request, 'index.html', {'user_dict': USER_DICT})








<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<ul>
{% for k,row in user_dict.items %}
<li>
<a target="_blank" href="/datail-{{ k }}.html">  {{row.name}} </a>
</li>
{% enfor %}
</ul>

</body>
</html>








<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>详细信息</h1>
<h6>用户名：{{ detail_info.name }}</h6>
<h6>邮箱：{{ detail_info.email }}</h6>
</body>
</html>




url(r'^detail-(\d+)-(\d+).html', views.detail),    

示例：http://127.0.0.1:8000/detail-2-9.html



def detail(request,nid,uid): # 形参顺序固定不变
#print(nid,uid)
#return HttpResponse(nid)
detail_info = USER_DICT[nid]
return render(request, 'detail.html', {'detail_info': detail_info})
或
def detail(request, *args,**kwargs): # 参数传递给*args
pass   #  根据索引取值 args= (2,9)




url(r'^detail-(?P<nid>\d+)-(?P<uid>\d+).html', views.detail),   (推荐使用分组)



def detail(request,uid,nid):    # 形参顺序可以不固定
#print(nid,uid)
#return HttpResponse(nid)
detail_info = USER_DICT[nid]
return render(request, 'detail.html', {'detail_info': detail_info})
或
def detail(request, *args,**kwargs):  # 参数传递给**kargs
pass  # 根据索引取值 kwargs = {'nid':1,'uid':3}




url命名 (django 特有）

urlpatterns = [

　　url(r'^xxx/', views.index, name='i1'),

]

<!-- 通过模板语言生成url -->
<form action="{% url 'i1' %}" method="POST">
<p><input type="text" name="user" placeholder="用户名"></p>
<p><input type="text" name="email"  placeholder="邮箱"/></p>
<p><input type="submit" value="添加" /></p>
</form>




# 通过视图函数生成url

from django.urls import reverse

def index(request,nid):
print(request.path_info)  # /xxx
V = reverse('i1')
print(V)  # /xxx/
return render(request, 'index.html', {'v': V,'user_dict': USER_DICT})




urlpatterns = [

　　url(r'^xxx/(\d+)/', views.index, name='i2'), 

]



<!-- 通过模板语言生成url -->
<form action="{% url 'i2' 2 %}" method="POST">
<p><input type="text" name="user" placeholder="用户名"></p>
<p><input type="text" name="email"  placeholder="邮箱"/></p>
<p><input type="submit" value="添加" /></p>
</form>

访问结果：http://127.0.0.1:8000/xxx/1 => <form action="/xxx/2" method="POST"> 

应用：进行某种操作后跳转回指定页面
<form action="{{ request.path_info }}" method="POST">
<p><input type="text" name="user" placeholder="用户名"></p>
<p><input type="text" name="email"  placeholder="邮箱"/></p>
<p><input type="submit" value="添加" /></p>
</form>

访问结果：http://127.0.0.1:8000/xxx/1 => <form action="/xxx/1" method="POST">

应用：进行某种操作后仍然在当前页面



urlpatterns = [

　　url(r'^xxx/(\d+)/(\d+)/', views.index, name='i3'), 

]

<!-- 通过模板语言生成url -->
<form action="{% url 'i3' 1 3 %}" method="POST">
<p><input type="text" name="user" placeholder="用户名"></p>
<p><input type="text" name="email"  placeholder="邮箱"/></p>
<p><input type="submit" value="添加" /></p>
</form>




# 通过视图函数生成urldef index(request,nid):
print(request.path_info)  # /xxx/1/2/
from django.urls import reverse
V = reverse('i3',args=(90,91,))
print(V)  # /xxx/90/91/
return render(request, 'index.html', {'v': V,'user_dict': USER_DICT})




urlpatterns = [

　　url(r'^xxx/(?P<pid>\d+)/(?P<nid>\d+)/', views.index, name='i4'),

]

<!-- 通过模板语言生成url -->
<form action="{% url 'i4' nid=1 uid=3 %}" method="POST">
<p><input type="text" name="user" placeholder="用户名"></p>
<p><input type="text" name="email"  placeholder="邮箱"/></p>
<p><input type="submit" value="添加" /></p>
</form>




# 通过视图函数生成urldef index(request,nid,uid):
print(request.path_info)  # /xxx/1/2/
from django.urls import reverse
V = reverse('i4',kwargs={"nid":1, 'uid': '3'})
print(V)  # /xxx/1/3/
return render(request, 'index.html', {'v': V,'user_dict': USER_DICT})




 

多级路由

根据请求不同的application进行路由分发，避免不同项目的url 冲突

proj/

├── proj/

│ ├── urls.py

├── app01/

│ ├── urls.py

├── app02/

│ ├── urls.py

└── manage.py
http://127.0.0.1:8000/cmdb/index 匹配 app01/urls.py的 index 
http://127.0.0.1:8000/monitor/index 匹配 app02/urls.py的 index 



# proj/urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url,include
from django.contrib import admin
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^cmdb/', include("app01.urls")),　　  #app01为cmdb的项目名
url(r'^monitor/', include("app02.urls")),   #app02为monitor的项目名
]

# app01/urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url,include
from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^index/', views.login),
]

#  app02/urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url,include
from app02 import views
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^index/', views.login),
]




命名空间

不同的application使用同一个application下的url 

示例：



# proj/urls.py
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^cmdb/', include('common.urls', namespace='u1')),
url(r'^monitor/', include('common.urls', namespace='u2')),
]

# common/urls.py
from django.conf.urls import url,include
from django.contrib import admin
from common import views
app_name = 'common'
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^index/', views.index, name='index'),
]

# common/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render, HttpResponse,redirect
from django.urls import reverse

def index(request):
v = reverse('author:index')
print(v)

# 或使用模板语言
<form action="{% url 'author:index' %}" method="POST">




 

默认值 -- 给视图函数传递一个参数

示例：



# urls.py
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^index/', views.index, {'name': 'xxx'}),
]

# views.py
def index(request,name):
print(name)
return HttpResponse('OK')


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