C++11中std::unique_lock的使用

std::unique_lock为锁管理模板类，是对通用mutex的封装。std::unique_lock对象以独占所有权的方式(unique owership)管理mutex对象的上锁和解锁操作，即在unique_lock对象的声明周期内，它所管理的锁对象会一直保持上锁状态；而unique_lock的生命周期结束之后，它所管理的锁对象会被解锁。unique_lock具有lock_guard的所有功能，而且更为灵活。虽然二者的对象都不能复制，但是unique_lock可以移动(movable)，因此用unique_lock管理互斥对象，可以作为函数的返回值，也可以放到STL的容器中。
关于std::mutex的基础介绍可以参考：http://blog.csdn.net/fengbingchun/article/details/73521630  
std::unique_lock还支持同时锁定多个mutex，这避免了多道加锁时的资源”死锁”问题。在使用std::condition_variable时需要使用std::unique_lock而不应该使用std::lock_guard。
std::unique_lock类成员函数介绍：
(1). unique_lock构造函数：禁止拷贝构造，允许移动构造；
(2). operator =：赋值操作符，允许移动赋值，禁止拷贝赋值；
(3). operator bool：返回当前std::unique_lock对象是否获得了锁；
(4). lock函数：调用所管理的mutex对象的lock函数；
(5). try_lock函数：调用所管理的mutex对象的try_lock函数；
(6).try_lock_for函数：调用所管理的mutex对象的try_lock_for函数；
(7).try_lock_until函数：调用所管理的mutex对象的try_lock_until函数；
(8). unlock函数：调用所管理的mutex对象的unlock函数；
(9). release函数：返回所管理的mutex对象的指针，并释放所有权，但不改变mutex对象的状态；
(10). owns_lock函数：返回当前std::unique_lock对象是否获得了锁；
(11). mutex函数：返回当前std::unique_lock对象所管理的mutex对象的指针；
(12). swap函数：交换两个unique_lock对象。
The difference is that you can lock and unlock a std::unique_lock. std::lock_guard will be locked only once on construction and unlocked on destruction.
std::unique_lock has other features that allow it to e.g.: be constructed without locking the mutex immediately but to build the RAII wrapper. However, std::unique_lock might have a tad more overhead(较多开销).
std::lock_guard also provides a convenient RAII wrapper, but cannot lock multiple mutexes safely. It can be used when you need a wrapper for a limited scope, e.g.: a member function.
One of the differences between std::lock_guard and std::unique_lock is that the programmer is able to unlock std::unique_lock, but she/he is not able to unlock std::lock_guard.
下面是从其他文章中copy的测试代码，详细内容介绍可以参考对应的reference：
#include "unique_lock.hpp"
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>
#include <vector>
#include <chrono>

namespace unique_lock_ {

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/mutex/unique_lock/unique_lock/ namespace {
std::mutex foo, bar;

void task_a()
{
std::lock(foo, bar); // simultaneous lock (prevents deadlock)
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck1(foo, std::adopt_lock);
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck2(bar, std::adopt_lock);
std::cout << "task a\n";
// (unlocked automatically on destruction of lck1 and lck2)
}

void task_b()
{
// unique_lock::unique_lock: Constructs a unique_lock
// foo.lock(); bar.lock(); // replaced by:
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck1, lck2;
lck1 = std::unique_lock<std::mutex>(bar, std::defer_lock);
lck2 = std::unique_lock<std::mutex>(foo, std::defer_lock);
std::lock(lck1, lck2); // simultaneous lock (prevents deadlock)
std::cout << "task b\n";
// (unlocked automatically on destruction of lck1 and lck2)
}
}

int test_unique_lock_1()
{
std::thread th1(task_a);
std::thread th2(task_b);

th1.join();
th2.join();

return 0;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/mutex/unique_lock/lock/ namespace {
std::mutex mtx; // mutex for critical section

void print_thread_id(int id) {
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck(mtx, std::defer_lock);
// critical section (exclusive access to std::cout signaled by locking lck):
// unique_lock::lock: Calls member lock of the managed mutex object.
lck.lock();
std::cout << "thread #" << id << '\n';
// unique_lock::unlock: Calls member unlock of the managed mutex object, and sets the owning state to false
lck.unlock();
}
}

int test_unique_lock_2()
{
std::thread threads[10];
// spawn 10 threads:
for (int i = 0; i<10; ++i)
threads[i] = std::thread(print_thread_id, i + 1);

for (auto& th : threads) th.join();

return 0;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/mutex/unique_lock/mutex/ namespace {
class MyMutex : public std::mutex {
int _id;
public:
MyMutex(int id) : _id(id) {}
int id() { return _id; }
};

MyMutex mtx3(101);

void print_ids(int id) {
std::unique_lock<MyMutex> lck(mtx3);
// unique_lock::mutex: Returns a pointer to the managed mutex object
std::cout << "thread #" << id << " locked mutex " << lck.mutex()->id() << '\n';
}
}

int test_unique_lock_3()
{
std::thread threads[10];
// spawn 10 threads:
for (int i = 0; i<10; ++i)
threads[i] = std::thread(print_ids, i + 1);

for (auto& th : threads) th.join();

return 0;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/mutex/unique_lock/operator=/ namespace {
std::mutex mtx4; // mutex for critical section

void print_fifty(char c) {
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck; // default-constructed
// unique_lock::operator=: Replaces the managed mutex object by the one in x, including its owning state
lck = std::unique_lock<std::mutex>(mtx4); // move-assigned
for (int i = 0; i<50; ++i) { std::cout << c; }
std::cout << '\n';
}
}

int test_unique_lock_4()
{
std::thread th1(print_fifty, '*');
std::thread th2(print_fifty, '$');

th1.join();
th2.join();

return 0;
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/mutex/unique_lock/operator_bool/ namespace {
std::mutex mtx5; // mutex for critical section

void print_star() {
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck(mtx5, std::try_to_lock);
// print '*' if successfully locked, 'x' otherwise:
// unique_lock::operator bool: Return whether it owns a lock
if (lck)
std::cout << '*';
else
std::cout << 'x';
}
}

int test_unique_lock_5()
{
std::vector<std::thread> threads;
for (int i = 0; i<500; ++i)
threads.emplace_back(print_star);

for (auto& x : threads) x.join();

return 0;
}

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/mutex/unique_lock/owns_lock/ namespace {
std::mutex mtx6; // mutex for critical section

void print_star6() {
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck(mtx6, std::try_to_lock);
// print '*' if successfully locked, 'x' otherwise:
// unique_lock::owns_lock: Returns whether the object owns a lock.
if (lck.owns_lock())
std::cout << '*';
else
std::cout << 'x';
}
}

int test_unique_lock_6()
{
std::vector<std::thread> threads;
for (int i = 0; i<500; ++i)
threads.emplace_back(print_star6);

for (auto& x : threads) x.join();

return 0;
}

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/mutex/unique_lock/release/ namespace {
std::mutex mtx7;
int count = 0;

void print_count_and_unlock(std::mutex* p_mtx) {
std::cout << "count: " << count << '\n';
p_mtx->unlock();
}

void task() {
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck(mtx7);
++count;
// unique_lock::release: Returns a pointer to the managed mutex object, releasing ownership over it
print_count_and_unlock(lck.release());
}
}

int test_unique_lock_7()
{
std::vector<std::thread> threads;
for (int i = 0; i<10; ++i)
threads.emplace_back(task);

for (auto& x : threads) x.join();

return 0;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/mutex/unique_lock/try_lock/ namespace {
std::mutex mtx8; // mutex for critical section

void print_star8() {
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lck(mtx8, std::defer_lock);
// print '*' if successfully locked, 'x' otherwise:
// unique_lock::try_lock: Lock mutex if not locked
// true if the function succeeds in locking the managed mutex object, false otherwise.
if (lck.try_lock())
std::cout << '*';
else
std::cout << 'x';
}
}

int test_unique_lock_8()
{
std::vector<std::thread> threads;
for (int i = 0; i<500; ++i)
threads.emplace_back(print_star8);

for (auto& x : threads) x.join();

return 0;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/mutex/unique_lock/try_lock_for/ namespace {
std::timed_mutex mtx9;

void fireworks() {
std::unique_lock<std::timed_mutex> lck(mtx9, std::defer_lock);
// waiting to get a lock: each thread prints "-" every 200ms:
// unique_lock::try_lock_for: Try to lock mutex during time span
while (!lck.try_lock_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(200))) {
std::cout << "-";
}
// got a lock! - wait for 1s, then this thread prints "*"
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1000));
std::cout << "*\n";
}
}

int test_unique_lock_9()
{
std::thread threads[10];
// spawn 10 threads:
for (int i = 0; i<10; ++i)
threads[i] = std::thread(fireworks);

for (auto& th : threads) th.join();

return 0;
}

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// reference: http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/unique_lock namespace {
struct Box {
explicit Box(int num) : num_things{ num } {}

int num_things;
std::mutex m;
};

void transfer(Box& from, Box& to, int num)
{
// don't actually take the locks yet
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock1(from.m, std::defer_lock);
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock2(to.m, std::defer_lock);

// lock both unique_locks without deadlock
std::lock(lock1, lock2);

from.num_things -= num;
to.num_things += num;

// 'from.m' and 'to.m' mutexes unlocked in 'unique_lock' dtors
}
}

int test_unique_lock_10()
{
Box acc1(100);
Box acc2(50);

std::thread t1(transfer, std::ref(acc1), std::ref(acc2), 10);
std::thread t2(transfer, std::ref(acc2), std::ref(acc1), 5);

t1.join();
t2.join();

return 0;
}

} // namespace unique_lock_
GitHub：https://github.com/fengbingchun/Messy_Test