neo4j图数据库--Cypher入门

1、Cypher
查询语言简单使用

1.1.基本语法

Node语法：
Cypher使用一对圆括号来表示一个节点：提供了多种格式如下：
(  ) 匿名节点
(matrix)  为节点添加一个ID
(:Movie) Movie label标签，声明的是节点类型。noe4j的索引使用label，每个索引由标签和属性组成
(matrix:Movie)
(matrix:Movie {title: "The Matrix"}) 节点属性。 (如：title)代表一个key\value 的List

(matrix:Movie {title: "The Matrix", released: 1997})

RelationShip语法：

--  表示一个无指向的关系

--> 表示一个有指向的关系
[  ] 能够添加ID，属性，类型等信息
-[role]->
-[:ACTED_IN]->    ACTED_IN是标签
-[role:ACTED_IN]->
-[role:ACTED_IN {roles: ["Neo"]}]->

Pattern 语法：
节点和关系语法的合并就表示模式。
(keanu:Person:Actor    {name: "Keanu Reeves"}
)
-[role:ACTED_IN    {roles: ["Neo"] } ]->
(matrix:Movie    {title: "The Matrix"} )



Pattern Identifiers ：

为模式分配ID，为例增加模块化和重复使用
acted_in = (:Person)-[:ACTED_IN]->(:Movie)

1.2.模式实践
bin/neo4j-shell（或者cypher-shell）

创建一个节点数据：
CREATE (:Movie { title:"The Matrix",released:1997 }) ;





如果想返回创建的数据，需要指定ID：
create (p:Person {name:"weiw", born:2000}) return
p;




创建多个节点数据，多个元素间用逗号或者用create分开：
create (a:Person {name:"jiaj",born:2003})-[r:ACTED_IN {roles:["student"]}]->(m:School
{name:"CDLG",address:"chengdu"})
create (d:Person {name:"weiw",born:2001})-[:DIRECTED]->(m)
return a,d,r,m;



Matching Patterns :模式匹配

我们想连接新的数据到已经存在的结构，这个需求需要我们知道怎样找到在图中已经存在的模式。
match (m:School) return m;



match (p:Person {name:"weiw"}) return p;



match (p:Person {name:"jiaj"})-[r:ACTED_IN]->(m:School)
 return m.name, r.roles;



Attaching Structures:

将match和create进行合并使用。将匹配到的节点连接到一个新的节点上。
match (p:Person {name:"jiaj"})
create (m:School {name:"DEJY",address:"deyang"})
create (p)-[r:ACTED_IN {roles:["studeng"]}]->(m)
return p,r,m;



Completing Patterns :

merge在查找时，如果找到则返回，如果没找到则创建。可以避免创建重复的节点

merge (m:School {name:"SCDX"})
on create set m.address="chegndu"

return m;

MATCH (m:School { name:"CDLG" })

MATCH (p:Person { name:"jiaj" })

MERGE (p)-[r:ACTED_IN]->(m)
ON CREATE SET r.roles =['teacher']

RETURN p,r,m ;



之前的案列中，关联的方向是随意的，你可以改变箭头的指向。MERGE 会检查关联两边的方向，如果没有匹配到关系，则创建一个新的方向的关系。
CREATE (y:Year { year:2014 })
MERGE (y)<-[:IN_YEAR]-(m10:Month { month:10 })
MERGE (y)<-[:IN_YEAR]-(m11:Month { month:11 })
RETURN y,m10,m11 ;



1.3.Getting the Results You Want

数据准备：以人在电影中扮演的角色为例

CREATE (matrix:Movie { title:"The Matrix",released:1997 })

CREATE (cloudAtlas:Movie { title:"Cloud Atlas",released:2012 })

CREATE (forrestGump:Movie { title:"Forrest Gump",released:1994 })

CREATE (keanu:Person { name:"Keanu Reeves",
born:1964 })
CREATE (robert:Person { name:"Robert Zemeckis",
born:1951 })
CREATE (tom:Person { name:"Tom Hanks", born:1956
})

CREATE (tom)-[:ACTED_IN { roles: ["Forrest"]}]->(forrestGump)
CREATE (tom)-[:ACTED_IN { roles: ['Zachry']}]->(cloudAtlas)
CREATE (robert)-[:DIRECTED]->(forrestGump)



Filtering Results ：数据过滤
常用谓词：AND， OR， XOR，NOT

match (m:Movie) where m.title="The Matrix" return m;



MATCH (p:Person)-[r:ACTED_IN]->(m:Movie)
WHERE
p.name =~ "K.+" OR m.released > 2000 OR "Neo" IN r.roles 

RETURN p,r,m ;

最后一个角色条件没有完全匹配上：



MATCH (p:Person)-[:ACTED_IN]->(m)

WHERE NOT (p)-[:DIRECTED]->()

RETURN p,m ；

Returning Results ：结果返回

返回 numbers, strings and arrays as [1,2,3], and maps like {name:"Tom Hanks", born:1964, movies:["Forrest Gump", ...], count:13}.

常用表达式：

 names[0] ，movies[1..-1].  length(array), toInt("12"), substring("2014-07-01",0,4),
or coalesce(p.nickname,"n/a") ，DISTINCT

MATCH (p:Person) 
RETURN p, p.name AS name, upper(p.name), coalesce(p.nickname,"n/a") AS nickname, { name: p.name, label:head(labels(p))}
AS person;



Aggregating Information：聚合操作
常用聚合： count, sum, avg, min, max，count(DISTINCT role)，NULL值自动跳过
MATCH (:Person)   RETURN count(*) AS people



To find out how often an actor and director worked together, you’d run this statement:
MATCH (actor:Person)-[:ACTED_IN]->(movie:Movie)<-[:DIRECTED]-(director:Person)
RETURN actor,director,count(*) AS collaborations

Ordering and Pagination ：排序和分页

排序用法：ORDER BY person.age

分页用法：SKIP {offset} LIMIT {count}
MATCH (a:Person)-[:ACTED_IN]->(m:Movie)
RETURN a,count(*) AS appearances
ORDER BY appearances DESC LIMIT
10;

Collecting Aggregation：聚集聚合

collects all aggregated  values into a real array or list。
MATCH (m:Movie)<-[:ACTED_IN]-(a:Person)
RETURN m.title AS movie, collect(a.name) AS cast, count(*) AS actors



1.4.Compose Large Statements：编写大型语句
UNION:
MATCH (p:Person)-[r:ACTED_IN]->(m:Movie)
RETURN p,type(r) AS rel,m
UNION
MATCH (p:Person)-[r:DIRECTED]->(m:Movie)
RETURN p,type(r) AS rel,m
WITH:

1.5.Utilizing Data Structures

MATCH (m:Movie)<-[:ACTED_IN]-(a:Person)

RETURN m.title AS movie, collect(a.name)[0..5] AS five_of_cast

List谓词：

When using lists and arrays in comparisons you can use predicates like value IN list or any(x IN list

WHERE x = value). There are list predicates to satisfy conditions for all, any, none and single elements.
MATCH path =(:Person)-->(:Movie)<--(:Person)
WHERE ALL (r IN rels(path) WHERE type(r)= 'ACTED_IN') AND ANY (n IN nodes(path) WHERE
n.name = 'Clint  Eastwood') 
RETURN path

List处理：

you want to process lists to filter, aggregate (reduce) or transform (extract) their values.
WITH range(1,10) AS numbers
WITH extract(n IN numbers | n*n) AS squares
WITH filter(n IN squares WHERE n > 25) AS large_squares
RETURN reduce(a = 0, n IN large_squares | a + n) AS sum_large_squares;



MATCH (m:Movie)<-[r:ACTED_IN]-(a:Person)
WITH m.title AS movie, collect({ name: a.name, roles: r.roles }) AS cast
RETURN movie, extract(c2 IN filter(c1 IN cast WHERE c1.name =~ "T.*")| c2.roles)

Unwind Lists:列表展开

you have collected information into a list, but want to use each element individually as a row。For instance, you might want to further match patterns
in the graph.

MATCH (a:Person)-[:ACTED_IN]->(m:Movie)<-[:ACTED_IN]-(colleague:Person)

WITH colleague, count(*) AS frequency, collect(DISTINCT m) AS movies

ORDER BY frequency DESC LIMIT 5 UNWIND movies AS m

MATCH (m)<-[:ACTED_IN]-(a)

RETURN m.title AS movie, collect(a.name) AS cast

1.6.Labels, Constraints and Indexes

使用约束： title被唯一化约束

adding the unique constraint will add an index on that property。
CREATE CONSTRAINT ON (movie:Movie) ASSERT movie.title IS
UNIQUE

查看索引：

CREATE INDEX ON :Actor(name)

CREATE (actor:Actor { name:"Tom Hanks" }),(movie:Movie { title:'Sleepless IN Seattle' }), (actor)-[:ACTED_IN]->(movie); 

标签：

MATCH (actor:Actor { name: "Tom Hanks" })  SET actor :American return actor; 

删除标签：

MATCH (actor:Actor { name: "Tom Hanks" })  REMOVE actor:American;

官方文档手册下载地址：http://download.csdn.net/detail/wangweislk/8983743