您的位置:首页 > 数据库

PostgreSQL查询优化简介

2017-05-27 15:57 155 查看

简介

PostgreSQL查询优化器执行过程

  1. 语法分析:生成查询树
  2. 语义检查:对SQL表达的语义进行检查
  3. 查询优化 视图重写
  4. 逻辑优化:子查询优化,条件化简,等价谓词重写,连接消除,得到逻辑计划
  5. 物理优化:基于代价优化,得到物理计划。PostgreSQL主要采用动态规划和遗传算法
  6. 非SPJ优化:主要针对分组,排序,去重等操作
  • 查询计划执行
  • 在PostgreSQL中,语法树并不是一棵树状结构的,把关系平面化到一个链表里面。因为,PostgreSQL认为,在这个阶段不清楚表之间如何链接。

    重要数据结构

    查询语法树

    typedef struct Query
    {
    //上面还有节点类型,是否存在相关子句
    List       *cteList;        /* WITH 子句 */
    List       *rtable;         /* list of range table entries */
    FromExpr   *jointree;       /* table join tree (FROM and WHERE clauses) */
    List       *targetList;     /* target list (of TargetEntry) */
    List       *returningList;  /* return-values list (of TargetEntry) */
    List       *groupClause;    /* a list of SortGroupClause's */
    Node       *havingQual;     /* qualifications applied to groups */
    List       *windowClause;   /* 窗口函数子句链表 */
    List       *distinctClause; /* a list of SortGroupClause's */
    List       *sortClause;     /* a list of SortGroupClause's */
    
    Node       *limitOffset;    /* limit的offset子句 */
    Node       *limitCount;     /* limit的个数*/
    Node       *setOperations;  /* 是否为多个SQL UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT query */
    } Query;

    范围表(优化前)

    表示被查询的对象,可以是一张表,一个From子句中的子查询,一个连接操作的结果

    typedef struct RangeTblEntry
    {
    //普通表
    Oid         relid;          /* OID of the relation */
    char        relkind;        /* relation kind (see pg_class.relkind) */
    struct TableSampleClause *tablesample;      /* sampling info, or NULL */
    
    //子查询
    Query      *subquery;       /* the sub-query */
    bool        security_barrier;       /* is from security_barrier view?如果是视图展开的子查询,PostgreSQL不做优化 */
    
    //连接类型
    JoinType    jointype;       /* type of join */
    List       *joinaliasvars;  /* list of alias-var expansions */
    } RangeTblEntry;

    关系优化信息(优化过程中)

    对应PlannerInfo结构体的两个成员(simple_rel_array和join_rel_list),是优化阶段的操作对象,具有查询优化的相关信息

    typedef struct RelOptInfo
    {
    /* all relations included in this RelOptInfo */
    Relids      relids;         /* set of base relids (rangetable indexes) */
    
    /* 估算结果的行数 */
    double      rows;
    
    /* materialization information */
    List       *pathlist;       /* 存放所有可能的路径 */
    List       *ppilist;        /* ParamPathInfos used in pathlist */
    List       *partial_pathlist;       /* partial Paths */
    
    /* 局部最优不一定后面最优,上一层的3个可能的最优结果 */
    struct Path *cheapest_startup_path;
    struct Path *cheapest_total_path;
    struct Path *cheapest_unique_path;
    List       *cheapest_parameterized_paths;
    
    //本关系为单表或者join
    
    /* used by various scans and joins: */
    List       *baserestrictinfo;       /* RestrictInfo structures (if base
    * rel) */
    QualCost    baserestrictcost;       /* cost of evaluating the above */
    List       *joininfo;       /* RestrictInfo structures for join clauses
    * involving this rel */
    bool        has_eclass_joins;       /* T means joininfo is incomplete */
    } RelOptInfo;

    计划节点信息

    全局查询优化计划的相关信息,存放在PlannerInfo结构体

    typedef struct PlannerInfo
    {
    Query      *parse;          /* 开始时的查询计划树 */
    PlannerGlobal *glob;        /* global info for current planner run */
    Index       query_level;    /* 本计划所处的层数*/
    
    struct PlannerInfo *parent_root;    /* NULL at outermost Query */
    
    struct RelOptInfo **simple_rel_array;       /* 所有基本表信息 */
    int         simple_rel_array_size;  /* allocated size of array */
    RangeTblEntry **simple_rte_array;   /* rangetable as an array */
    
    //考虑过连接后生成的新关系
    List       *join_rel_list;  /* list of join-relation RelOptInfos */
    struct HTAB *join_rel_hash; /* optional hashtable for join relations */
    
    List      **join_rel_level; /*结果关系*/
    int         join_cur_level; /* index of list being extended */
    
    } PlannerInfo;

    计划节点

    代表根据最有路径,生成的物理计划(Plan)

    typedef struct Plan
    {
    /*
    * estimated execution costs for plan (see costsize.c for more info)
    */
    Cost        startup_cost;   /* cost expended before fetching any tuples */
    Cost        total_cost;     /* total cost (assuming all tuples fetched) */
    
    /*
    * 估计的元组数和元组宽度
    */
    double      plan_rows;
    int         plan_width;
    
    /*
    * Common structural data for all Plan types.
    */
    int         plan_node_id;   /* unique across entire final plan tree */
    List       *targetlist;     /* target list to be computed at this node */
    List       *qual;           /* implicitly-ANDed qual conditions */
    struct Plan *lefttree;      /* input plan tree(s) */
    struct Plan *righttree;
    List       *initPlan;       /* Init Plan nodes (un-correlated expr
    * subselects) */
    } Plan;

    PlannedStmt

    优化器结果,保存查询执行计划,范围表相关信息

    SelectStmt

    语法分析结果

    typedef struct SelectStmt
    {
    List       *distinctClause; /* distinct子句*/
    IntoClause *intoClause;     /* target for SELECT INTO */
    List       *targetList;     /* 投影列子句 */
    List       *fromClause;     /* From子句,包括join */
    Node       *whereClause;    /* where子句 */
    List       *groupClause;    /* GROUP BY clauses */
    Node       *havingClause;   /* HAVING conditional-expression */
    List       *windowClause;   /* WINDOW window_name AS (...), ... */
    
    List       *sortClause;     /* sort clause (a list of SortBy's) */
    Node       *limitOffset;    /* # of result tuples to skip */
    Node       *limitCount;     /* # of result tuples to return */
    List       *lockingClause;  /* FOR UPDATE (list of LockingClause's) */
    } SelectStmt;

    结构体关系

    1. PlannerInfo是逻辑优化的主要产物,拥有查询树(Query),关系优化信息,约束条件
    2. 路径是物理优化阶段的主要产物,拥有排序键和连接节点
    3. PlannerInfo和路径混杂在一起
    4. 查询执行计划Plan是所有路径的最小代价生成的

    代码入口

    planner:主入口函数

    PlannedStmt *
    planner(Query *parse, int cursorOptions, ParamListInfo boundParams)
    {
    PlannedStmt *result;
    
    if (planner_hook)
    result = (*planner_hook) (parse, cursorOptions, boundParams);
    else
    result = standard_planner(parse, cursorOptions, boundParams);
    return result;
    }

    被主函数调用

    standard_planner——标准的查询优化器入口

    standard_planner只是查询优化器的外壳,通过调用subquery_planner完成查询优化,通过调用set_plan_references完成清理辅助工作

    PlannedStmt *
    standard_planner(Query *parse, int cursorOptions, ParamListInfo boundParams)
    {
    PlannedStmt *result;//结果
    PlannerGlobal *glob;//查询优化一些所有子查询需要的公共信息
    double      tuple_fraction;//
    PlannerInfo *root;
    RelOptInfo *final_rel;
    Path       *best_path;
    Plan       *top_plan;
    ListCell   *lp,
    *lr;
    
    ···
    
    /* primary planning entry point (may recurse for subqueries) */
    root = subquery_planner(glob, parse, NULL,
    false, tuple_fraction);
    
    /* Select best Path and turn it into a Plan */
    final_rel = fetch_upper_rel(root, UPPERREL_FINAL, NULL);
    best_path = get_cheapest_fractional_path(final_rel, tuple_fraction);
    
    top_plan = create_plan(root, best_path);
    
    ···
    
    /* final cleanup of the plan */
    Assert(glob->finalrtable == NIL);
    Assert(glob->finalrowmarks == NIL);
    Assert(glob->resultRelations == NIL);
    top_plan = set_plan_references(root, top_plan);
    /* ... and the subplans (both regular subplans and initplans) */
    Assert(list_length(glob->subplans) == list_length(glob->subroots));
    forboth(lp, glob->subplans, lr, glob->subroots)
    {
    Plan       *subplan = (Plan *) lfirst(lp);
    PlannerInfo *subroot = (PlannerInfo *) lfirst(lr);
    
    lfirst(lp) = set_plan_references(subroot, subplan);
    }
    
    ···
    /* build the PlannedStmt result */
    result = makeNode(PlannedStmt);
    
    result->commandType = parse->commandType;
    result->queryId = parse->queryId;   //parse结果
    result->planTree = top_plan;    //查询计划
    result->rtable = glob->finalrtable; //范围表
    result->resultRelations = glob->resultRelations;    //
    
    return result;
    }
    1. subquery_planner返回逻辑优化和物理优化结果root(PlannerInfo *)
    2. create_plan根据最优路径,和PlannerInfo生成物理执行计划Plan
    3. set_plan_references对执行计划部分调整和清理

    subquery_planner生成(子)查询执行计划的函数

    subquery_planner分为两步。第一步是逻辑优化;第二步是物理优化

    //传入glob,parse,typle_fraction,parent_root最开始为NULL
    PlannerInfo *
    subquery_planner(PlannerGlobal *glob, Query *parse,
    PlannerInfo *parent_root,
    bool hasRecursion, double tuple_fraction)
    {
    PlannerInfo *root;
    List       *newWithCheckOptions;
    List       *newHaving;
    bool        hasOuterJoins;
    RelOptInfo *final_rel;
    ListCell   *l;
    
    /* 为当前子查询创建PlannerInfo */
    root = makeNode(PlannerInfo);
    root->parse = parse;
    root->glob = glob;
    root->query_level = parent_root ? parent_root->query_level + 1 : 1;
    root->parent_root = parent_root;
    root->hasRecursion = hasRecursion;
    if (hasRecursion)
    root->wt_param_id = SS_assign_special_param(root);
    else
    root->wt_param_id = -1;
    root->non_recursive_path = NULL;
    
    /*
    * Look for ANY and EXISTS SubLinks in WHERE and JOIN/ON clauses, and try
    * to transform them into joins.  Note that this step does not descend
    * into subqueries; if we pull up any subqueries below, their SubLinks are
    * processed just before pulling them up.
    *子连接:在where和join子句含有ANY和EXISTS
    */
    if (parse->hasSubLinks)
    pull_up_sublinks(root);
    
    //上拉子查询
    pull_up_subqueries(root);
    
    //子查询合并
    if (parse->setOperations)
    flatten_simple_union_all(root);
    
    //上拉子查询后处理继承关系
    preprocess_rowmarks(root);
    expand_inherited_tables(root);
    
    //条件化简
    preprocess_expression
    
    //合并having子句到where子句,如果having里面含有聚集函数,易失函数,子查询不能合并
    
    //消除外连接
    if (hasOuterJoins)
    reduce_outer_joins(root);
    
    /*
    * Do the main planning.  If we have an inherited target relation, that
    * needs special processing, else go straight to grouping_planner.
    */
    if (parse->resultRelation &&
    rt_fetch(parse->resultRelation, parse->rtable)->inh)
    //含有继承关系的物理优化
    inheritance_planner(root);
    else
    //物理优化
    grouping_planner(root, false, tuple_fraction);
    
    set_cheapest(final_rel);
    
    return root;
    }
    1. 逻辑优化 处理CTE表达式(ss_process_ctes)
    2. 上拉子连接
    3. 上拉子查询
    4. Union all处理:flatten_simple_union_all
    5. 处理for update(row lock):preprocess_rowmark
    6. 继承表处理(expand_inherited_tables)
    7. 处理目标列(prepocess_expression)
    8. 处理withCheckOptions:prepocess_expression
    9. 处理return 表达式,window子句,limit off子句:prepocess_expression
    10. 合并having到where子句
    11. 消除外连接
  • 物理优化:生成本成查询PlanInfo的三条最优路径,返回给上层
  • 整体流程

    • subquery_planner 处理CTE表达式
    • 上拉子链接(去除in, some ,exist)
    • 上拉子查询
    • 预处理表达式(and/or, 计算明显的结果, 处理不能上拉的子连接)
    • 消除外连接
    • grouping_planer 处理集合(生成子查询)
    • 处理非集合,调整order, group, target list之句中的顺序
    • query_planner 构建基本表的RelOptInfo
    • 选择下推
    • 投影下推
    • 推导隐含表达式
    • 生成pathkey
    • make_one_rel(通过数据直方图计算选择率) 处理单表最优的查询方式
    • 处理两表join最优的方式(判定是否special join)
    • 动态规划或者遗传算法构建多表Join
  • 获取cheatest_path,再加上其他子句
  • 内容来自用户分享和网络整理,不保证内容的准确性,如有侵权内容,可联系管理员处理 点击这里给我发消息
    标签: