树莓派从零开始学习记录

树莓派学习从零开始

树莓派系统的安装

使用官方推荐的TF卡烧写工具

Win32DiskImager

写入镜像

2016-09-23-raspbian-jessie.img

连接树莓派

最简单的连接方法是： （此方法需要电脑无线连接至网络）

使用一根网线连接笔记本（笔记本已连接到无线网）和树莓派

电脑端安装

putty

软件

依次

打开网络和共享中心

–

更改适配器设置``无线网络连接属性

–

共享

–

勾选允许其他网络用户通过此计算机的Internet连接来连接---本地连接

如图：



电脑端

win+R

打开

cmd

shell，输入：

arp -a

Microsoft Windows [版本 6.1.7601]
版权所有 (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。

C:\Users\Administrator>arp -a

接口: 192.168.137.1 --- 0xc
Internet 地址         物理地址              类型
192.168.137.210       b8-xx-xx-xx-xx-eb     动态
192.168.137.255       ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff     静态
224.0.0.22            01-00-5e-00-00-16     静态
224.0.0.252           01-00-5e-00-00-fc     静态
239.255.255.250       01-00-5e-7f-ff-fa     静态
255.255.255.255       ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff     静态

接口: 192.168.0.108 --- 0xd
Internet 地址         物理地址              类型
192.168.0.1           c8-3a-35-5e-ef-10     动态
192.168.0.107         b8-xx-xx-xx-xx-be     动态
192.168.0.109         8c-89-a5-72-07-5e     动态
192.168.0.110         40-c6-2a-2c-86-ef     动态
192.168.0.255         ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff     静态
224.0.0.22            01-00-5e-00-00-16     静态
224.0.0.252           01-00-5e-00-00-fc     静态
239.255.255.250       01-00-5e-7f-ff-fa     静态
255.255.255.255       ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff     静态

C:\Users\Administrator>

查看接口“192.168.137.1 —0xc”下的 动态IP

即：192.168.137.210 ，后面的MAC地址便是树莓派的有线网卡的物理地址

打开putty输入该动态IP，便可进入树莓派的shell界面

注意 　使用该方法连接树莓派，树莓派在重启或者重连后其动态IP都会改变，每次连接都要重新查看其新的动态IP，建议，首先对树莓派配置无线网络

修改默认账户”pi”的初始密码

树莓派默认账户是

pi

，初始密码是

raspberry

修改

pi

的密码如下

pi@raspberrypi:/ $ passwd pi
Changing password for pi.
(current) UNIX password:
Enter new UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:

解锁root账户、设置root账户密码

树莓派使用的linux是debian系统，所以树莓派启用root和debian是相同的。

debian里root账户默认没有密码，但账户锁定。

当需要root权限时，由默认账户经由sudo执行，Raspberry pi 系统中的

Raspbian默认用户是pi 密码为raspberry

重新开启root账号，可由pi用户登录后，在命令行下执行

pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo passwd root
Enter new UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: password updated successfully

执行此命令后系统会提示输入两遍的root密码，输入你想设的密码即可，然后在执行

sudo passwd --unlock root

pi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo passwd --unlock root
passwd: password expiry information changed.

这样就可以解锁root账户了。

创建新账号并设置密码

创建用户

johnwick

　命令

useradd

root@raspberrypi:/home/pi# useradd johnwick

给新账户设置密码

root@raspberrypi:/home/pi# passwd johnwick
Enter new UNIX password:

添加新用户到sudo组

切换到root账户，输入指令

visudo

pi@raspberrypi:~ $ su
Password:
root@raspberrypi:/home/pi# visudo

在文档的最后一行添加账户

johnwick

，配置：执行sudo命令式免密码，保存。

# This file MUST be edited with the 'visudo' command as root.
#
# Please consider adding local content in /etc/sudoers.d/ instead of
# directly modifying this file.
#
# See the man page for details on how to write a sudoers file.
#
Defaults        env_reset
Defaults        mail_badpass
Defaults        secure_path="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"

# Host alias specification

# User alias specification

# Cmnd alias specification

# User privilege specification
root    ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL

# Allow members of group sudo to execute any command
%sudo   ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL

# See sudoers(5) for more information on "#include" directives:

#includedir /etc/sudoers.d

pi ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL

johnwick  ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL

自定义用户的命令行提示符颜色

为了方便也为了美观，需要对shell界面的命令提示符的颜色进行配置

修改root账户下的

.bashrc

文件

先找到root账户的家目录

注意：配置哪个账户就到哪个账户的家目录下修改

.bashrc

文件，一定不要修改了全局环境量

　比如：给johnwick账户配颜色，就先

[root@raspberrypi/home/johnwick]#su johnwick
johnwick@raspberrypi:~ $ cd ~
johnwick@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo .bashrc
#把PS1="\[\e[37;40m\][\[\e[32;40m\]\u\[\e[37;40m\]@\h\[\e[36;40m\]\w\[\e[0m\]]\\$"复制到最后一行
#重新加载`.bashrc`文件
johnwick@raspberrypi:~ $ source .bashrc

>

root@raspberrypi:/home# cd ~
再使用`nano`打开存放环境变量的文件`.bashrc`
# ~/.bashrc: executed by bash(1) for non-login shells.

# Note: PS1 and umask are already set in /etc/profile. You should not
# need this unless you want different defaults for root.
# PS1='${debian_chroot:+($debian_chroot)}\h:\w\$ '
# umask 022

# You may uncomment the following lines if you want `ls' to be colorized:
# export LS_OPTIONS='--color=auto'
# eval "`dircolors`"
# alias ls='ls $LS_OPTIONS'
# alias ll='ls $LS_OPTIONS -l'
# alias l='ls $LS_OPTIONS -lA'
#
# Some more alias to avoid making mistakes:
# alias rm='rm -i'
# alias cp='cp -i'
# alias mv='mv -i'
PS1="\[\e[37;40m\][\[\e[31;40m\]\u\[\e[37;40m\]@\h\[\e[36;40m\]\w\[\e[0m\]]\\$"

>

在最后面添加上配置好的自己喜欢的字体颜色配置

配置完成后重新加载

.bashrc

文件 命令：

root@raspberrypi:~# source .bashrc

我常用的三个账户的颜色配置方案：

绿色
PS1="\[\e[37;40m\][\[\e[32;40m\]\u\[\e[37;40m\]@\h\[\e[36;40m\]\w\[\e[0m\]]\\$"
黄色
PS1="\[\e[37;40m\][\[\e[33;40m\]\u\[\e[37;40m\]@\h\[\e[36;40m\]\w\[\e[0m\]]\\$"
红色
PS1="\[\e[37;40m\][\[\e[31;40m\]\u\[\e[37;40m\]@\h\[\e[36;40m\]\w\[\e[0m\]]\\$"

创建get.py文件，运行后显示树莓派的CPU温度RAM、ROM

创建get.py文件　直接使用命令

[johnwick@raspberrypi~]$nano get.py

把下面的代码写进get.py文件，并保存，退出。

import os

# Return CPU temperature as a character string
def getCPUtemperature():
res = os.popen('sudo cat /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone0/temp').readline()
tempfloat=float(res) / 1000
temp=str(tempfloat)
return(temp)

# Return RAM information (unit=kb) in a list
# Index 0: total RAM
# Index 1: used RAM
# Index 2: free RAM
def getRAMinfo():
p = os.popen('free')
i = 0
while 1:
i = i + 1
line = p.readline()
if i==2:
return(line.split()[1:4])

# Return % of CPU used by user as a character string
def getCPUuse():
return(str(os.popen("top -n1 | awk '/Cpu\(s\):/ {print $2}'").readline().strip()))

# Return information about disk space as a list (unit included)
# Index 0: total disk space
# Index 1: used disk space
# Index 2: remaining disk space
# Index 3: percentage of disk used
def getDiskSpace():
p = os.popen("df -h /")
i = 0
while 1:
i = i +1
line = p.readline()
if i==2:
return(line.split()[1:5])

# CPU informatiom
CPU_temp = getCPUtemperature()
CPU_usage = getCPUuse()

# RAM information
# Output is in kb, here I convert it in Mb for readability
RAM_stats = getRAMinfo()
RAM_total = round(int(RAM_stats[0]) / 1000,1)
RAM_used = round(int(RAM_stats[1]) / 1000,1)
RAM_free = round(int(RAM_stats[2]) / 1000,1)

# Disk information
DISK_stats = getDiskSpace()
DISK_total = DISK_stats[0]
DISK_used = DISK_stats[1]
DISK_perc = DISK_stats[3]

if __name__ == '__main__':
print('')
p
d697
rint('CPU Temperature = '+CPU_temp)
print('CPU Use = '+CPU_usage)
print('')
print('RAM Total = '+str(RAM_total)+' MB')
print('RAM Used = '+str(RAM_used)+' MB')
print('RAM Free = '+str(RAM_free)+' MB')
print('')
print('DISK Total Space = '+str(DISK_total)+'B')
print('DISK Used Space = '+str(DISK_used)+'B')
print('DISK Used Percentage = '+str(DISK_perc))

运行get.py文件

[johnwick@raspberrypi~]$sudo python get.py

CPU Temperature = 40.242
CPU Use = 0.1

RAM Total = 947.0 MB
RAM Used = 225.0 MB
RAM Free = 722.0 MB

DISK Total Space = 30GB
DISK Used Space = 3.7GB
DISK Used Percentage = 13%

查看周围的无线网络的ESSID(网络名称)、网络信息、信号强度

命令：　

iwlist scan

[johnwick@raspberrypi~]$sudo iwlist scan
wlan0     Scan completed :
Cell 01 - Address: C8:3A:35:5E:EF:10
Channel:1
Frequency:2.412 GHz (Channel 1)
Quality=44/70  Signal level=-66 dBm
Encryption key:on
ESSID:"Tenda_5EEF10"
Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 11 Mb/s; 18 Mb/s
24 Mb/s; 36 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s
Bit Rates:6 Mb/s; 9 Mb/s; 12 Mb/s; 48 Mb/s
Mode:Master
Extra:tsf=0000000000000000
Extra: Last beacon: 80ms ago
IE: Unknown: 000C54656E64615F354545463130
IE: Unknown: 010882840B162430486C
IE: Unknown: 030101
IE: Unknown: 2A0104
IE: Unknown: 2F0104
IE: Unknown: 32040C121860
IE: Unknown: 2D1AFE181BFFFF000001000000000000000000000000000                                                                                        000000000
IE: Unknown: 3D16010D000000000000000000000000000000000000000                                                                                        0
IE: Unknown: DD090010180202F02C0000
IE: WPA Version 1
Group Cipher : CCMP
Pairwise Ciphers (1) : CCMP
Authentication Suites (1) : PSK
IE: Unknown: DD180050F2020101000003A4000027A4000042435E00623                                                                                        22F00
Cell 02 - Address: C8:3A:35:52:FC:30
Channel:6
Frequency:2.437 GHz (Channel 6)
Quality=35/70  Signal level=-75 dBm
Encryption key:on
ESSID:"WXtencent"
Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 11 Mb/s; 18 Mb/s
24 Mb/s; 36 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s
Bit Rates:6 Mb/s; 9 Mb/s; 12 Mb/s; 48 Mb/s
Mode:Master
Extra:tsf=0000000000000000
Extra: Last beacon: 80ms ago
IE: Unknown: 0009575874656E63656E74
IE: Unknown: 010882840B162430486C
IE: Unknown: 030106
IE: Unknown: 2A0100
IE: Unknown: 2F0100
IE: IEEE 802.11i/WPA2 Version 1
Group Cipher : CCMP
Pairwise Ciphers (1) : CCMP
Authentication Suites (1) : PSK
IE: Unknown: 32040C121860
IE: Unknown: 2D1AFE181BFFFF000001000000000000000000000000000                                                                                        000000000
IE: Unknown: 3D16060D000000000000000000000000000000000000000                                                                                        0
IE: Unknown: DD090010180203102C0000
IE: WPA Version 1
Group Cipher : CCMP
Pairwise Ciphers (1) : CCMP
Authentication Suites (1) : PSK
IE: Unknown: DD180050F2020101000003A4000027A4000042435E00623                                                                                        22F00
Cell 03 - Address: 58:6A:B1:1C:B2:10
Channel:11
Frequency:2.462 GHz (Channel 11)
Quality=26/70  Signal level=-84 dBm
Encryption key:on
ESSID:"111111"
Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 6 Mb/s; 9 Mb/s
11 Mb/s; 12 Mb/s; 18 Mb/s
Bit Rates:24 Mb/s; 36 Mb/s; 48 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s
Mode:Master
Extra:tsf=0000000000000000
Extra: Last beacon: 80ms ago
IE: Unknown: 0006313131313131
IE: Unknown: 010882848B0C12961824
IE: Unknown: 03010B
IE: Unknown: 0706434E49010D14
IE: Unknown: 2A0100
IE: IEEE 802.11i/WPA2 Version 1
Group Cipher : CCMP
Pairwise Ciphers (1) : CCMP
Authentication Suites (1) : PSK
IE: Unknown: 32043048606C
IE: Unknown: 2D1AEC1103FFFF000000000000000000000000000000000                                                                                        000000000
IE: Unknown: 3D160B08040000000000000000000000000000000000000                                                                                        0
IE: Unknown: DD180050F2020101810003A4000027A4000042435E00623                                                                                        22F00
IE: Unknown: DD1E00904C33EC1103FFFF0000000000000000000000000                                                                                        00000000000000000
IE: Unknown: DD1A00904C340B080400000000000000000000000000000                                                                                        000000000
Cell 04 - Address: F4:83:CD:53:F0:05
Channel:1
Frequency:2.412 GHz (Channel 1)
Quality=52/70  Signal level=-58 dBm
Encryption key:on
ESSID:"TP-LINK_F005"
Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 11 Mb/s; 6 Mb/s
9 Mb/s; 12 Mb/s; 18 Mb/s
Bit Rates:24 Mb/s; 36 Mb/s; 48 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s
Mode:Master
Extra:tsf=0000000000000000
Extra: Last beacon: 80ms ago
IE: Unknown: 000C54502D4C494E4B5F46303035
IE: Unknown: 010882848B960C121824
IE: Unknown: 030101
IE: Unknown: 2A0100
IE: IEEE 802.11i/WPA2 Version 1
Group Cipher : CCMP
Pairwise Ciphers (1) : CCMP
Authentication Suites (1) : PSK
IE: Unknown: 32043048606C
IE: Unknown: 2D1AEE111BFFFFFF0000000000000000000100000000000                                                                                        000000000
IE: Unknown: 3D16010D060000000000000000000000000000000000000                                                                                        0
IE: Unknown: 7F080000000000000040
IE: WPA Version 1
Group Cipher : CCMP
Pairwise Ciphers (1) : CCMP
Authentication Suites (1) : PSK
IE: Unknown: DD180050F2020101000003A4000027A4000042435E00623                                                                                        22F00
IE: Unknown: DD0900037F01010000FF7F
lo        Interface doesn't support scanning.
eth0      Interface doesn't support scanning.

配置树莓派无线网络

树莓派可以存储多个网络的信息，将常用的几个网络的ssid和psk配置好，一并存储即可，这样，当树莓派更换网络后也会自动连接

# 编辑wifi文件
sudo nano /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
# 在该文件最后添加下面的话
network={
ssid="WIFINAME"
psk="password"
}
# 引号部分分别为wifi的名字和密码
# 保存文件后几秒钟应该就会自动连接到该wifi
# 查看是否连接成功
ifconfig wlan0

查看树莓派网卡信息（IP地址、有线网卡和无线网卡的MAC地址）

[johnwick@raspberrypi~]$ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr b8:xx:xx:xx:xx:eb
inet addr:192.168.137.26  Bcast:192.168.137.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::4152:ce36:8645:2e67/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
RX packets:2417 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:1220 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:193242 (188.7 KiB)  TX bytes:178039 (173.8 KiB)

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
RX packets:264 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:264 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1
RX bytes:21840 (21.3 KiB)  TX bytes:21840 (21.3 KiB)

wlan0     Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr b8:xx:xx:xx:xx:be
inet6 addr: fe80::5151:9360:9963:5f17/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
RX packets:665 errors:0 dropped:665 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:237933 (232.3 KiB)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)

无法登陆路由器管理界面的情况下如何查看树莓派的无线IP地址

有时，使用树莓派连接外界网络（知道账号和密码，但不能进入管理界面查看已经连接无线网络的树莓派的无线IP地址），此时，我们可以继续使用之前的方法，使用一根网线连接笔记本，通过动态IP地址ssh到shell然后查看pI的网络信息

[johnwick@raspberrypi~]$ifconfig wlan0
wlan0     Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr b8:xx:xx:xx:xx:be
inet addr:192.168.0.159  Bcast:192.168.0.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::5151:9360:9963:5f17/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
RX packets:2096 errors:0 dropped:938 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:227 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:262474 (256.3 KiB)  TX bytes:39358 (38.4 KiB)

使用此方法可以省去网线连接笔记本的不便，但也比不上配置固定IP方便

，

配置路由器端口映射

给树莓派绑定静态IP

设置端口段映射

选择DDNS服务商，做动态DNS解析

以上步骤均从路由器端进行设置，设置完成后即可局域网内或者外网访问树莓派主机

设置时区

[johnwick@raspberrypi~]$sudo dpkg-reconfigure tzdata

Package configuration

┌─────────────────────────┤ Configuring tzdata ├──────────────────────────┐
│ Please select the geographic area in which you live. Subsequent         │
│ configuration questions will narrow this down by presenting a list of   │
│ cities, representing the time zones in which they are located.          │
│                                                                         │
│ Geographic area:                                                        │
│                                                                         │
│                          Africa                ↑                        │
│                          America               ▒                        │
│                          Antarctica            ▒                        │
│                          Australia             ▮                        │
│                          Arctic Ocean          ▒                        │
│                          Asia                  ▒                        │
│                          Atlantic Ocean        ▒                        │
│                          Europe                ↓                        │
│                                                                         │
│                                                                         │
│                   <Ok>                       <Cancel>                   │
│                                                                         │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

选择Asia>>chongqing或者shanghai