Python3 urllib(网络数据获取 模块)

Python3 urllib(网络数据获取 模块)

http://blog.csdn.net/Rozol/article/details/69941511

#coding=utf-8
# urllibdemo.py urllib演示

# urllib 用于处理Url相关的工具,用于从网络获取数据(网页源码/下载资源)
from urllib import request # 请求url, 支持 HTTP(0.9/1.0) / FTP / 本地文件 / URL
from urllib import parse # 解析url, 支持 file / ftp / gopher / hdl / http / https / imap / mailto / mms / news / nntp / prospero / rsync / rtsp / rtspu / sftp / shttp / sip / sips / snews / svn / svn+ssh / telnet / wais
from urllib import robotparser # 分析 robots.txt 文件
from urllib import error # 异常
import re # 正则模块
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import os

# 演示(下载斗鱼首页的图片)
def demo():
os.mkdir("images")

# -- 获取网页源代码 --
f = request.urlopen("https://www.douyu.com")
data = f.read().decode("utf-8")

# -- 获取网页源码中的图片地址 --
# 方式一: 正则的方式
images = re.findall(r'src="(.*?\.(jpg|png))"', data)
tnum = 0
for i in images:
# 下载资源
request.urlretrieve(i[0], "./images/%d.%s"%(tnum, i[1]))
tnum += 1

# 方式二: Beautiful Soup (安装: pip install beautifulsoup4) 提取html/xml标签中的内容
soup = BeautifulSoup(data, "html.parser")
images = soup.find_all("img") # 取标签

tnum = 0
for i in images:
# 下载资源
imgurl = i.get("src")
if len(imgurl) > 3:
request.urlretrieve(imgurl, "./images/%d.jpg"%tnum)
tnum += 1

# -- 关闭 --
f.close

# 参数详解
def fun():
neturl = "http://luzhuo.me/blog/Base1.html"
imgurl = "http://luzhuo.me/image/performers/%E5%85%B3%E6%99%93%E5%BD%A4.jpg"

# --- urllib.parse --- 解析Url
# - 编码 -
neturl = "%s?%s" %(neturl, parse.urlencode({"name":"luzhuo", "age": 21})) # Get传参url构建
data = parse.urlencode({"name":"luzhuo", "啊age": 21}).encode('ascii') # POST参参data构建

# - 解码 -
urls = parse.urlparse(imgurl) # => ParseResult(scheme='http', netloc='luzhuo.me', path='/image/performers/%E5%85%B3%E6%99%93%E5%BD%A4.jpg', params='', query='', fragment=''
urls = parse.urlparse("//luzhuo.me/image/performers/%E5%85%B3%E6%99%93%E5%BD%A4.jpg?a=1")
scheme = urls.scheme # 获取相应数据

# - 替换 -
url = parse.urljoin('http://luzhuo.me/blog/Base1.html', 'Fame.html') # 替换后部分 => http://luzhuo.me/blog/Fame.html url = parse.urljoin('http://luzhuo.me/blog/Base1.htm', '//xxx/blog') # => http://xxx/blog 
# --- urllib.reques --- 请求数据
try:
# - Request - 构建
req = request.Request(neturl) # GET
req = request.Request(neturl, headers = {"1":"2"}) # 添加请求头
req = request.Request(neturl, data=b'This is some datas.') # POST 添加POST请求数据
req = request.Request(neturl, data) # POST 添加POST请求数据
req = request.Request(neturl, data=b"This is some datas.", method="PUT") # PUT 其他类型的请求

# 获取
url = req.full_url # 获取Url
reqtype = req.type # 请求类型(如http)
host = req.host # 主机名(如:luzhuo.me / luzhuo.me:8080)
host = req.origin_req_host # 主机名(如:luzhuo.me)
url = req.selector # url路径(如:/blog/Base1.html)
data = req.data # 请求的实体,没有为Noce
boolean = req.unverifiable # 是否是RFC 2965定义的不可验证的
method = req.get_method() # 请求方式(如:GET / POST)
# 修改
req.add_header("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/56.0.2924.87 Safari/537.36") # 添加请求头,键冲突将覆盖
req.add_unredirected_header("Key", "value") # 添加不会重定向的请求头
req.remove_header("Key") # 删除请求头
req.get_header("Key") # 获取请求头, 无返回None
req.get_header("Key", "None.") # 获取请求头
boolean = req.has_header("Key") # 是否有该请求头
headers = req.header_items() # (所有)请求头列表
req.set_proxy("220.194.55.160:3128", "http") # 设置代理(主机,类型)
# 下载
filename, headers = request.urlretrieve(imgurl) # 下载资源(不提供文件名不复制), 返回(文件名,头信息)元组
filename, headers = request.urlretrieve(imgurl, filename="./xxx.jpg", reporthook=callback, data=None) # reporthook下载进度回调
request.urlcleanup() # 清除下载的临时文件

# - response - 请求结果
res = request.urlopen(neturl) # GET 打开Url,返回response
res = request.urlopen(neturl, data=b'This is some datas.') # POST 添加POST请求数据
res = request.urlopen(req) # 支持 Request 参数
# 获取信息
data = res.read().decode("utf-8") # 读取全部数据
data = res.readline().decode("utf-8") # 读取行数据
url = res.geturl() # 获取Url
info = res.info() # 元信息,如头信息
code = res.getcode() # 状态码

# 释放资源
res.close

# --- urllib.error ---
except error.URLError as e:
print(e)
except error.HTTPError as e:
# code / reason / headers 异常
print(e)
except error.ContentTooShortError as e:
# 数据下载异常
print(e)

def robot():
# --- urllib.robotparser --- robots.txt
rp = robotparser.RobotFileParser()
rp.set_url("https://www.zhihu.com/robots.txt") # 设置指向 robots.txt 文件的网址
rp.read() # 获取数据给解析器
boolean = rp.can_fetch("*", "http://www.musi-cal.com/") # 是否允许提取该url
time = rp.mtime() # 获取 robots.txt 的时间
rp.modified() # 将 robots.txt 时间设为当前时间

# 下载进度回调
def callback(datanum, datasize, filesize): # (数据块数量 数据块大小 文件大小)
down = 100 * datanum * datasize / filesize

if down > 100:
down = 100

print ("%.2f%%"%down)

if __name__ == "__main__":
demo()
fun()
robot()