Spring 框架参考文档(六)-Integration之Dynamic language support

Spring 框架参考文档(六)-Integration之Dynamic language support

Part VI. Integration

This part of the reference documentation covers the spring Framework’s
integration with a number of Java EE(and related) technologies.

Chapter 21, Remoting and web services using Spring
Chapter 22, Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) integration
Chapter 23, JMS (Java消息服务 )
Chapter 24, JMX
Chapter 25, JCA CCI
Chapter 26, Email
Chapter 27, 任务执行与调度
Chapter 28, Dynamic language support
Chapter 29, Cache 抽象

28. Dynamic language support

28.1 Introduction

Spring 2.0 introduces comprehensive support for using classes and objects that have been defined using a dynamic language (such as JRuby) with Spring. This support allows you to write any number of classes in a
supported dynamic language, and have the Spring container transparently instantiate, configure and dependency inject the resulting objects.
The dynamic languages currently supported are:

JRuby 1.5+
Groovy 1.8+
BeanShell 2.0

Why only these languages?

The supported languages were chosen because a) the languages have a lot of traction in the Java enterprise community, b) no requests
were made for other languages at the time that this support was added, and c) the Spring developers were most familiar with them.

Fully working examples of where this dynamic language support can be immediately useful are described in Section 28.3,
“Scenarios”.
[[ dynamic-language-a-first-example]] === A first example This bulk of this chapter is concerned with describing the dynamic language support in detail. Before diving into all of the ins and outs of the dynamic
language support, let’s look at a quick example of a bean defined in a dynamic language. The dynamic language for this first bean is Groovy (the basis of this example was taken from the Spring test suite, so if you want to see equivalent examples in any of
the other supported languages, take a look at the source code).
Find below the 

Messenger

 interface
that the Groovy bean is going to be implementing, and note that this interface is defined in plain Java. Dependent objects that are injected with a reference to the 

Messenger

 won’t
know that the underlying implementation is a Groovy script.

package org.springframework.scripting;

public interface Messenger {

String getMessage();

}

Here is the definition of a class that has a dependency on the 

Messenger

 interface.

package org.springframework.scripting;

public class DefaultBookingService implements BookingService {

private Messenger messenger;

public void setMessenger(Messenger messenger) {
this.messenger = messenger;
}

public void processBooking() {
// use the injected Messenger object...
}

}

Here is an implementation of the 

Messenger

 interface
in Groovy.

// from the file Messenger.groovy
package org.springframework.scripting.groovy;

// import the Messenger interface (written in Java) that is to be implemented
import org.springframework.scripting.Messenger

// define the implementation in Groovy
class GroovyMessenger implements Messenger {

String message

}

Finally, here are the bean definitions that will effect the injection of the Groovy-defined 

Messenger

 implementation
into an instance of the 

DefaultBookingService

class.

To use the custom dynamic language tags to define dynamic-language-backed beans, you need to have the XML Schema preamble at the top of your Spring XML configuration file. You also need to be using a Spring  ApplicationContext  implementation as your IoC container. Using the dynamic-language-backed beans with a plain  BeanFactory  implementation is supported, but you have to manage the plumbing of the Spring internals to do so. For more information on schema-based configuration, see Chapter 33, XML Schema-based configuration.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:lang="http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang"
xsi:schemaLocation=" http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang.xsd">

<!-- this is the bean definition for the Groovy-backed Messenger implementation -->
<lang:groovy id="messenger" script-source="classpath:Messenger.groovy">
<lang:property name="message" value="I Can Do The Frug" />
</lang:groovy>

<!-- an otherwise normal bean that will be injected by the Groovy-backed Messenger -->
<bean id="bookingService" class="x.y.DefaultBookingService">
<property name="messenger" ref="messenger" />
</bean>

</beans>

The 

bookingService

 bean
(a 

DefaultBookingService

)
can now use its private 

messenger

 member
variable as normal because the 

Messenger

 instance
that was injected into it is a 

Messenger

 instance.
There is nothing special going on here, just plain Java and plain Groovy.
Hopefully the above XML snippet is self-explanatory, but don’t worry unduly if it isn’t. Keep reading for the in-depth detail on the whys and wherefores of the above configuration.

28.2 Defining
beans that are backed by dynamic languages

This section describes exactly how you define Spring managed beans in any of the supported dynamic languages.
Please note that this chapter does not attempt to explain the syntax and idioms of the supported dynamic languages. For example, if you want to use Groovy to write certain of the classes in your application, then
the assumption is that you already know Groovy. If you need further details about the dynamic languages themselves, please consult Section 28.5,
“Further Resources” at the end of this chapter.

28.2.1 Common
concepts

The steps involved in using dynamic-language-backed beans are as follows:

Write the test for the dynamic language source code (naturally)
Then write the dynamic language source code itself :)
Define your dynamic-language-backed beans using the appropriate 

<lang:language/>

 element
in the XML configuration (you can of course define such beans programmatically using the Spring API - although you will have to consult the source code for directions on how to do this as this type of advanced configuration is not covered in this chapter).
Note this is an iterative step. You will need at least one bean definition per dynamic language source file (although the same dynamic language source file can of course be referenced by multiple bean definitions).

The first two steps (testing and writing your dynamic language source files) are beyond the scope of this chapter. Refer to the language specification and / or reference manual for your chosen dynamic language
and crack on with developing your dynamic language source files. You will first want to read the rest of this chapter though, as Spring’s dynamic language support does make some (small) assumptions about the contents
of your dynamic language source files.

The
<lang:language/> element

The final step involves defining dynamic-language-backed bean definitions, one for each bean that you want to configure (this is no different from normal JavaBean configuration). However, instead of specifying the
fully qualified classname of the class that is to be instantiated and configured by the container, you use the

<lang:language/>

 element
to define the dynamic language-backed bean.
Each of the supported languages has a corresponding 

<lang:language/>

 element:

<lang:jruby/>

 (JRuby)

<lang:groovy/>

 (Groovy)

<lang:bsh/>

 (BeanShell)

The exact attributes and child elements that are available for configuration depends on exactly which language the bean has been defined in (the language-specific sections below provide the full lowdown on this).

Refreshable
beans

One of the (if not the) most compelling value adds of the dynamic language support in Spring is the'refreshable bean' feature.
A refreshable bean is a dynamic-language-backed bean that with a small amount of configuration, a dynamic-language-backed bean can monitor changes in its underlying source file resource, and then reload itself
when the dynamic language source file is changed (for example when a developer edits and saves changes to the file on the filesystem).
This allows a developer to deploy any number of dynamic language source files as part of an application, configure the Spring container to create beans backed by dynamic language source files (using the mechanisms
described in this chapter), and then later, as requirements change or some other external factor comes into play, simply edit a dynamic language source file and have any change they make reflected in the bean that is backed by the changed dynamic language
source file. There is no need to shut down a running application (or redeploy in the case of a web application). The dynamic-language-backed bean so amended will pick up the new state and logic from the changed dynamic language source file.

Please note that this feature is off by default.

Let’s take a look at an example to see just how easy it is to start using refreshable beans. To turn on the refreshable beans feature, you simply have to specify exactlyone additional
attribute on the 

<lang:language/>

 element
of your bean definition. So if we stick with the example from earlier in this chapter, here’s what we would change
in the Spring XML configuration to effect refreshable beans:

<beans>

<!-- this bean is now refreshable due to the presence of the refresh-check-delay attribute -->
<lang:groovy id="messenger"
refresh-check-delay="5000" <!-- switches refreshing on with 5 seconds between checks -->
script-source="classpath:Messenger.groovy">
<lang:property name="message" value="I Can Do The Frug" />
</lang:groovy>

<bean id="bookingService" class="x.y.DefaultBookingService">
<property name="messenger" ref="messenger" />
</bean>

</beans>

That really is all you have to do. The 

'refresh-check-delay'

 attribute
defined on the 

'messenger'

 bean
definition is the number of milliseconds after which the bean will be refreshed with any changes made to the underlying dynamic language source file. You can turn off the refresh behavior by assigning a negative value to the

'refresh-check-delay'

 attribute.
Remember that, by default, the refresh behavior is disabled. If you don’t want the refresh behavior, then simply don’t define the attribute.
If we then run the following application we can exercise the refreshable feature; please do excuse the 'jumping-through-hoops-to-pause-the-execution' shenanigans in this next
slice of code. The 

System.in.read()

 call
is only there so that the execution of the program pauses while I (the author) go off and edit the underlying dynamic language source file so that the refresh will trigger on the dynamic-language-backed bean when the program resumes execution.

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.scripting.Messenger;

public final class Boot {

public static void main(final String[] args) throws Exception {
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");
Messenger messenger = (Messenger) ctx.getBean("messenger");
System.out.println(messenger.getMessage());
// pause execution while I go off and make changes to the source file...
System.in.read();
System.out.println(messenger.getMessage());
}
}

Let’s assume then, for the purposes of this example, that all calls to the 

getMessage()

 method
of 

Messenger

 implementations
have to be changed such that the message is surrounded by quotes. Below are the changes that I (the author) make to the 

Messenger.groovy

 source
file when the execution of the program is paused.

package org.springframework.scripting

class GroovyMessenger implements Messenger {

private String message = "Bingo"

public String getMessage() {
// change the implementation to surround the message in quotes
return "'" + this.message + "'"
}

public void setMessage(String message) {
this.message = message
}
}

When the program executes, the output before the input pause will be I Can Do The Frug. After the change to the source file is made and saved, and the program resumes execution,
the result of calling the 

getMessage()

 method
on the dynamic-language-backed 

Messenger

 implementation
will be 'I Can Do The Frug' (notice the inclusion of the additional quotes).
It is important to understand that changes to a script will not trigger a refresh if the changes occur within the window of the 

'refresh-check-delay'

 value.
It is equally important to understand that changes to the script are not actually picked up until a method is called on the dynamic-language-backed bean. It is only when a method
is called on a dynamic-language-backed bean that it checks to see if its underlying script source has changed. Any exceptions relating to refreshing the script (such as encountering a compilation error, or finding that the script file has been deleted) will
result in a fatal exception being propagated to the calling code.
The refreshable bean behavior described above does not apply to dynamic language source files defined using the 

<lang:inline-script/>

 element
notation (see the section called “Inline dynamic
language source files”). Additionally, it only applies to beans where changes to the underlying source file can actually be detected; for example, by code that checks the last modified date of a dynamic language source
file that exists on the filesystem.

Inline
dynamic language source files

The dynamic language support can also cater for dynamic language source files that are embedded directly in Spring bean definitions. More specifically, the

<lang:inline-script/>

 element
allows you to define dynamic language source immediately inside a Spring configuration file. An example will perhaps make the inline script feature crystal clear:

<lang:groovy id="messenger">
<lang:inline-script>

package org.springframework.scripting.groovy;

import org.springframework.scripting.Messenger

class GroovyMessenger implements Messenger {
String message
}

</lang:inline-script>
<lang:property name="message" value="I Can Do The Frug" />
</lang:groovy>

If we put to one side the issues surrounding whether it is good practice to define dynamic language source inside a Spring configuration file, the

<lang:inline-script/>

 element
can be useful in some scenarios. For instance, we might want to quickly add a Spring 

Validator

 implementation
to a Spring MVC

Controller

.
This is but a moment’s work using inline source. (See Section 28.3.2,
“Scripted Validators” for such an example.)
Find below an example of defining the source for a JRuby-based bean directly in a Spring XML configuration file using the 

inline:

 notation.
(Notice the use of the < characters to denote a 

'<'

 character.
In such a case surrounding the inline source in a 

<![CDATA[]]>

 region
might be better.)

<lang:jruby id="messenger" script-interfaces="org.springframework.scripting.Messenger">
<lang:inline-script>

require java

include_class org.springframework.scripting.Messenger

class RubyMessenger < Messenger

def setMessage(message)
@@message = message
end

def getMessage
@@message
end

end

</lang:inline-script>
<lang:property name="message" value="Hello World!" />
</lang:jruby>

Understanding
Constructor Injection in the context of dynamic-language-backed beans

There is one very important thing to be aware of with regard to Spring’s dynamic language support. Namely, it is not (currently) possible to supply constructor arguments to
dynamic-language-backed beans (and hence constructor-injection is not available for dynamic-language-backed beans). In the interests of making this special handling of constructors and properties 100% clear, the following mixture of code and configuration
will not work.

// from the file Messenger.groovy
package org.springframework.scripting.groovy;

import org.springframework.scripting.Messenger

class GroovyMessenger implements Messenger {

GroovyMessenger() {}

// this constructor is not available for Constructor Injection
GroovyMessenger(String message) {
this.message = message;
}

String message

String anotherMessage

}

<lang:groovy id="badMessenger"
script-source="classpath:Messenger.groovy">
<!-- this next constructor argument will not be injected into the GroovyMessenger -->
<!-- in fact, this isn't even allowed according to the schema -->
<constructor-arg value="This will not work" />

<!-- only property values are injected into the dynamic-language-backed object -->
<lang:property name="anotherMessage" value="Passed straight through to the dynamic-language-backed object" />

</lang>

In practice this limitation is not as significant as it first appears since setter injection is the injection style favored by the overwhelming majority of developers anyway (let’s leave the discussion as to whether
that is a good thing to another day).

28.2.2 JRuby
beans

The JRuby library dependencies

The JRuby scripting support in Spring requires the following libraries to be on the classpath of your application.

jruby.jar

From the JRuby homepage…
"JRuby is an 100% pure-Java implementation of the Ruby programming language."
In keeping with the Spring philosophy of offering choice, Spring’s dynamic language support also supports beans defined in the JRuby language. The JRuby language is based on the quite intuitive Ruby language, and
has support for inline regular expressions, blocks (closures), and a whole host of other features that do make solutions for some domain problems a whole lot easier to develop.
The implementation of the JRuby dynamic language support in Spring is interesting in that what happens is this: Spring creates a JDK dynamic proxy implementing all of the interfaces that are specified in the 

'script-interfaces'

 attribute
value of the 

<lang:ruby>

 element
(this is why you must supply at least one interface in the value of the attribute, and (accordingly) program to interfaces when using JRuby-backed beans).
Let us look at a fully working example of using a JRuby-based bean. Here is the JRuby implementation of the 

Messenger

 interface
that was defined earlier in this chapter (for your convenience it is repeated below).

package org.springframework.scripting;

public interface Messenger {

String getMessage();

}

require java

class RubyMessenger
include org.springframework.scripting.Messenger

def setMessage(message)
@@message = message
end

def getMessage
@@message
end
end

# this last line is not essential (but see below)
RubyMessenger.new

And here is the Spring XML that defines an instance of the 

RubyMessenger

 JRuby
bean.

<lang:jruby id="messageService"
script-interfaces="org.springframework.scripting.Messenger"
script-source="classpath:RubyMessenger.rb">

<lang:property name="message" value="Hello World!" />

</lang:jruby>

Take note of the last line of that JRuby source ( 

'RubyMessenger.new'

).
When using JRuby in the context of Spring’s dynamic language support, you are encouraged to instantiate and return a new instance of the JRuby class that you want to use as a dynamic-language-backed bean as the result of the execution of your JRuby source.
You can achieve this by simply instantiating a new instance of your JRuby class on the last line of the source file like so:

require java

include_class org.springframework.scripting.Messenger

# class definition same as above...

# instantiate and return a new instance of the RubyMessenger class
RubyMessenger.new

If you forget to do this, it is not the end of the world; this will however result in Spring having to trawl (reflectively) through the type representation of your JRuby class looking for a class to instantiate.
In the grand scheme of things this will be so fast that you’ll never notice it, but it is something that can be avoided by simply having a line such as the one above as the last line of your JRuby script. If you don’t supply such a line, or if Spring cannot
find a JRuby class in your script to instantiate then an opaque 

ScriptCompilationException

 will
be thrown immediately after the source is executed by the JRuby interpreter. The key text that identifies this as the root cause of an exception can be found immediately below (so if your Spring container throws the following exception when creating your dynamic-language-backed
bean and the following text is there in the corresponding stacktrace, this will hopefully allow you to identify and then easily rectify the issue):

org.springframework.scripting.ScriptCompilationException: Compilation of JRuby script returned ''

To rectify this, simply instantiate a new instance of whichever class you want to expose as a JRuby-dynamic-language-backed bean (as shown above). Please also note that you can actually define as many classes and
objects as you want in your JRuby script; what is important is that the source file as a whole must return an object (for Spring to configure).
See Section 28.3, “Scenarios” for
some scenarios where you might want to use JRuby-based beans.

28.2.3 Groovy
beans

The Groovy library dependencies

The Groovy scripting support in Spring requires the following libraries to be on the classpath of your application.

groovy-1.8.jar

asm-3.2.jar

antlr-2.7.7.jar

From the Groovy homepage…
"Groovy is an agile dynamic language for the Java 2 Platform that has many of the features that people like so much in languages like Python, Ruby and Smalltalk, making them available
to Java developers using a Java-like syntax. "
If you have read this chapter straight from the top, you will already have seen
an example of a Groovy-dynamic-language-backed bean. Let’s look at another example (again using an example from the Spring test suite).

package org.springframework.scripting;

public interface Calculator {

int add(int x, int y);

}

Here is an implementation of the 

Calculator

 interface
in Groovy.

// from the file calculator.groovy
package org.springframework.scripting.groovy

class GroovyCalculator implements Calculator {

int add(int x, int y) {
x + y
}

}

<-- from the file beans.xml -->
<beans>
<lang:groovy id="calculator" script-source="classpath:calculator.groovy"/>
</beans>

Lastly, here is a small application to exercise the above configuration.

package org.springframework.scripting;

import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

public class Main {

public static void Main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");
Calculator calc = (Calculator) ctx.getBean("calculator");
System.out.println(calc.add(2, 8));
}
}

The resulting output from running the above program will be (unsurprisingly) 10. (Exciting example, huh? Remember that the intent is to illustrate the concept. Please consult
the dynamic language showcase project for a more complex example, or indeed Section 28.3,
“Scenarios” later in this chapter).
It is important that you do not define more than one class per Groovy source file. While this is perfectly legal in Groovy, it is (arguably) a bad practice: in the interests
of a consistent approach, you should (in the opinion of this author) respect the standard Java conventions of one (public) class per source file.

Customizing
Groovy objects via a callback

The 

GroovyObjectCustomizer

 interface
is a callback that allows you to hook additional creation logic into the process of creating a Groovy-backed bean. For example, implementations of this interface could invoke any required initialization method(s), or set some default property values, or specify
a custom 

MetaClass

.

public interface GroovyObjectCustomizer {

void customize(GroovyObject goo);

}

The Spring Framework will instantiate an instance of your Groovy-backed bean, and will then pass the created 

GroovyObject

 to
the specified

GroovyObjectCustomizer

 if
one has been defined. You can do whatever you like with the supplied 

GroovyObject

 reference:
it is expected that the setting of a custom 

MetaClass

 is
what most folks will want to do with this callback, and you can see an example of doing that below.

public final class SimpleMethodTracingCustomizer implements GroovyObjectCustomizer {

public void customize(GroovyObject goo) {
DelegatingMetaClass metaClass = new DelegatingMetaClass(goo.getMetaClass()) {

public Object invokeMethod(Object object, String methodName, Object[] arguments) {
System.out.println("Invoking '" + methodName + "'.");
return super.invokeMethod(object, methodName, arguments);
}
};
metaClass.initialize();
goo.setMetaClass(metaClass);
}

}

A full discussion of meta-programming in Groovy is beyond the scope of the Spring reference manual. Consult the relevant section of the Groovy reference manual, or do a search online: there are plenty of articles
concerning this topic. Actually making use of a 

GroovyObjectCustomizer

 is
easy if you are using the Spring namespace support.

<!-- define the GroovyObjectCustomizer just like any other bean -->
<bean id="tracingCustomizer" class="example.SimpleMethodTracingCustomizer" />

<!-- ... and plug it into the desired Groovy bean via the customizer-ref attribute -->
<lang:groovy id="calculator"
script-source="classpath:org/springframework/scripting/groovy/Calculator.groovy"
customizer-ref="tracingCustomizer" />

If you are not using the Spring namespace support, you can still use the 

GroovyObjectCustomizer

 functionality.

<bean id="calculator" class="org.springframework.scripting.groovy.GroovyScriptFactory">
<constructor-arg value="classpath:org/springframework/scripting/groovy/Calculator.groovy"/>
<!-- define the GroovyObjectCustomizer (as an inner bean) -->
<constructor-arg>
<bean id="tracingCustomizer" class="example.SimpleMethodTracingCustomizer" />
</constructor-arg>
</bean>

<bean class="org.springframework.scripting.support.ScriptFactoryPostProcessor"/>

28.2.4 BeanShell
beans

The BeanShell library dependencies

The BeanShell scripting support in Spring requires the following libraries to be on the classpath of your application.

bsh-2.0b4.jar

From the BeanShell homepage…
"BeanShell is a small, free, embeddable Java source interpreter with dynamic language features, written in Java. BeanShell dynamically executes standard Java syntax and extends it with
common scripting conveniences such as loose types, commands, and method closures like those in Perl and JavaScript."
In contrast to Groovy, BeanShell-backed bean definitions require some (small) additional configuration. The implementation of the BeanShell dynamic language support in Spring is interesting in that what happens
is this: Spring creates a JDK dynamic proxy implementing all of the interfaces that are specified in the

'script-interfaces'

 attribute
value of the 

<lang:bsh>

 element
(this is why you must supply at least one interface in the value of the attribute, and (accordingly) program to interfaces when using BeanShell-backed beans). This means that every method call on a BeanShell-backed object
is going through the JDK dynamic proxy invocation mechanism.
Let’s look at a fully working example of using a BeanShell-based bean that implements the 

Messenger

 interface
that was defined earlier in this chapter (repeated below for your convenience).

package org.springframework.scripting;

public interface Messenger {

String getMessage();

}

Here is the BeanShell implementation (the term is used loosely here) of the 

Messenger

 interface.

String message;

String getMessage() {
return message;
}

void setMessage(String aMessage) {
message = aMessage;
}

And here is the Spring XML that defines an instance of the above class (again, the term is used very loosely here).

<lang:bsh id="messageService" script-source="classpath:BshMessenger.bsh"
script-interfaces="org.springframework.scripting.Messenger">

<lang:property name="message" value="Hello World!" />
</lang:bsh>

See Section 28.3, “Scenarios” for
some scenarios where you might want to use BeanShell-based beans.

28.3 Scenarios

The possible scenarios where defining Spring managed beans in a scripting language would be beneficial are, of course, many and varied. This section describes two possible use cases for the dynamic language support
in Spring.

28.3.1 Scripted
Spring MVC Controllers

One group of classes that may benefit from using dynamic-language-backed beans is that of Spring MVC controllers. In pure Spring MVC applications, the navigational flow through a web application is to a large extent
determined by code encapsulated within your Spring MVC controllers. As the navigational flow and other presentation layer logic of a web application needs to be updated to respond to support issues or changing business requirements, it may well be easier to
effect any such required changes by editing one or more dynamic language source files and seeing those changes being immediately reflected in the state of a running application.
Remember that in the lightweight architectural model espoused by projects such as Spring, you are typically aiming to have a really thin presentation layer, with all the meaty
business logic of an application being contained in the domain and service layer classes. Developing Spring MVC controllers as dynamic-language-backed beans allows you to change presentation layer logic by simply editing and saving text files; any changes
to such dynamic language source files will (depending on the configuration) automatically be reflected in the beans that are backed by dynamic language source files.

In order to effect this automatic pickup of any changes to dynamic-language-backed beans, you will have had to enable the refreshable beans functionality. See the section called “Refreshable beans” for a full treatment of this feature.

Find below an example of an 

org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.Controller

 implemented
using the Groovy dynamic language.

// from the file /WEB-INF/groovy/FortuneController.groovy
package org.springframework.showcase.fortune.web

import org.springframework.showcase.fortune.service.FortuneService
import org.springframework.showcase.fortune.domain.Fortune
import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView
import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.Controller

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse

class FortuneController implements Controller {

@Property FortuneService fortuneService

ModelAndView handleRequest(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse httpServletResponse) {
return new ModelAndView("tell", "fortune", this.fortuneService.tellFortune())
}

}

<lang:groovy id="fortune"
refresh-check-delay="3000"
script-source="/WEB-INF/groovy/FortuneController.groovy">
<lang:property name="fortuneService" ref="fortuneService"/>
</lang:groovy>

28.3.2 Scripted
Validators

Another area of application development with Spring that may benefit from the flexibility afforded by dynamic-language-backed beans is that of validation. It may be easier
to express complex validation logic using a loosely typed dynamic language (that may also have support for inline regular expressions) as opposed to regular Java.
Again, developing validators as dynamic-language-backed beans allows you to change validation logic by simply editing and saving a simple text file; any such changes will (depending on the configuration) automatically
be reflected in the execution of a running application and would not require the restart of an application.

Please note that in order to effect the automatic pickup of any changes to dynamic-language-backed beans, you will have had to enable the refreshable beans feature. See the section called “Refreshable beans” for a full and detailed treatment of this feature.

Find below an example of a Spring 

org.springframework.validation.Validator

 implemented
using the Groovy dynamic language. (See Section 7.2, “使用Spring的Validator接口来进行数据校验” for
a discussion of the 

Validator

 interface.)

import org.springframework.validation.Validator
import org.springframework.validation.Errors
import org.springframework.beans.TestBean

class TestBeanValidator implements Validator {

boolean supports(Class clazz) {
return TestBean.class.isAssignableFrom(clazz)
}

void validate(Object bean, Errors errors) {
if(bean.name?.trim()?.size() > 0) {
return
}
errors.reject("whitespace", "Cannot be composed wholly of whitespace.")
}

}

28.4 Bits
and bobs

This last section contains some bits and bobs related to the dynamic language support.

28.4.1 AOP
- advising scripted beans

It is possible to use the Spring AOP framework to advise scripted beans. The Spring AOP framework actually is unaware that a bean that is being advised might be a scripted bean, so all of the AOP use cases and functionality
that you may be using or aim to use will work with scripted beans. There is just one (small) thing that you need to be aware of when advising scripted beans… you cannot use class-based proxies, you must use interface-based
proxies.
You are of course not just limited to advising scripted beans… you can also write aspects themselves in a supported dynamic language and use such beans to advise other Spring beans. This really would be an advanced
use of the dynamic language support though.

28.4.2 Scoping

In case it is not immediately obvious, scripted beans can of course be scoped just like any other bean. The 

scope

 attribute
on the various 

<lang:language/>

 elements
allows you to control the scope of the underlying scripted bean, just as it does with a regular bean. (The default scope is singleton,
just as it is with regular beans.)
Find below an example of using the 

scope

 attribute
to define a Groovy bean scoped as a prototype.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:lang="http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang"
xsi:schemaLocation=" http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang.xsd">

<lang:groovy id="messenger" script-source="classpath:Messenger.groovy" scope="prototype">
<lang:property name="message" value="I Can Do The RoboCop" />
</lang:groovy>

<bean id="bookingService" class="x.y.DefaultBookingService">
<property name="messenger" ref="messenger" />
</bean>

</beans>

See Section 5.5, “Bean作用域” in Chapter 5, IoC
容器 for a fuller discussion of the scoping support in the Spring Framework.

28.5 Further
Resources

Find below links to further resources about the various dynamic languages described in this chapter.

The JRuby homepage
The Groovy homepage
The BeanShell homepage

Some of the more active members of the Spring community have also added support for a number of additional dynamic languages above and beyond the ones covered in this chapter. While it is possible that such third
party contributions may be added to the list of languages supported by the main Spring distribution, your best bet for seeing if your favorite scripting language is supported is the Spring
Modules project.

文章摘自：http://spring.cndocs.tk/index.html