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C++ Primer学习系列(7):标准库名字和头文件/算法简介/再谈IO库

2016-07-29 00:00 507 查看
附录 A.1 标准库名字和头文件
本书中用到的标准库名字及其头文件:
<cstdlib>: abort,
<numeric>: accumulate, inner_product,
<memory>: allocator, auto_ptr, uninitialized_copy,
<iterator>: back_inserter, front_inserter, inserter, istream_iterator, ostream_iterator, reverse_iterator,
<new>: bad_alloc,
<typeinfo>: bad_cast, type_info,
<functional>: bind2nd, less_equal, negate, not1, plus,
<bitset>: bitset,
<iostream>: boolalpha, cerr, cin, cout, dec, endl, ends, fixed, flush, hex, internal, istream, left, noboolalpha, noshowbase, noskipws, nounitbuf, nouppercase, oct, ostream, right, scientific, showbase, sowpoint, skippws, unitbuf, uppercase
<algorithm>: copy, count, count_if, equal_range, fill, fill_n, find, find_end, find_first_of, for_each, max, main, nth_element, partial_sort, replace, replace_copy, set_difference, set_intersection, set_union, sort, stable_sort, unique, unique_copy, upper_bound,
<deque>: deque,
<exception>: exception, unexpected,
<fstream>: fstream, ifstream, ofstream,
<string>: getline, string,
<ios_base>: ios_base,
<cctype>: isalpha, islower, ispunct, isspace, isupper,
<sstream>: istringstream, ostringstream, stringstream,
<list>: list,
<stdexcept>: logic_error, out_of_range, range_error, runtime_error,
<utility>: make_pair, pair,
<map>: map, multimap
<set>: multiset, set
<queue>: priority_queue, queue
<cstddef>: ptrdiff_t, size_t,
<iomanip>: setfill, setprecision, setw,
<cmath>: sqrt,
<stack>: stack,
<cstring>: strcmp, strcpy, strlen, strncpy,
<vector>: vector

附录 A.2 算法简介
标准库定义了 100多个算法,要学习如何使用它们,需要理解它们的结构,而不是记住每个算法的细节
( 1)查找对象的算法:
find(beg,end,val)
count(beg,end,val)
find_if(beg,end,unaryPred)
count_if(beg,end,unaryPred)
find_first_of(beg1,end1,beg2,end2)
find_first_of(beg1,end1,beg2,end2,binaryPred)
find_end(beg1,end1,beg2,end2)
find_end(beg1,end1,beg2,end2,binaryPred)
adjacent_find(beg,end)
adjacent_find(beg,end,binaryPred)
search(beg1,end1,beg2,end2)
search(beg1,end1,beg2,end2,binaryPred)
search_n(beg,end,count,val)
search_n(beg,end,count,val,binaryPred)
( 2)其他只读算法:
for_each(beg,end,f)
mismatch(beg1,end1,beg2)
mismatch(beg1,end1,beg2,binaryPred)
equal(beg1,end1,beg2)
equal(beg1,end1,beg2,binaryPred)
( 3)二分查找算法:
lower_bound(beg,end,val)
lower_bound(beg,end,val,comp)
upper_bound(beg,end,val)
upper_bound(beg,end,val,comp)
equal_range(beg,end,val)
equal_range(beg,end,val,comp)
binary_search(beg,end,val)
binary_search(beg,end,val,comp)
( 4)写容器元素的算法:
fill_n(dest,cnt,val)
generate_n(dest,cnt,Gen)
copy(beg,end,dest)
transform(beg,end,dest,unaryOp)
transform(beg,end,beg2,dest,binaryOp)
replace_copy(beg,end,dest,old_val,new_val)
replace_copy_if(beg,and,dest,unaryPred,new_val)
merge(beg1,end1,beg2,end2,dest)
merge(beg1,end1,beg2,end2,dest,comp)
swap(elem1,elem2)
iter_swap(iter1,iter2)
swap_ranges(beg1,end1,beg2)
fill(beg,end,val)
generate(beg,end,Gen)
replace(beg,end,old_val,new_val)
replace_if(beg,end,unaryPred,new_val)
copy_backward(beg,end,dest)
inplace_merge(beg,mid,end)
inplace_merge(beg,mid,end,comp)
( 5)划分与排序算法:
stable_partition(beg,end,unaryPred)
partition(beg,end,unaryPred)
sort(beg,end)
stable_sort(beg,end)
sort(beg,end,comp)
stable_sort(beg,end,comp)
partial_sort(beg,mid,end)
partial_sort(beg,mid,end,comp)
partial_sort_copy(beg,end,destBeg,destEnd)
partial_sort_copy(beg,end,destBeg,destEnd,comp)
nth_element(beg,nth,end)
nth_element(beg,nth,end,comp)
( 6)通用重新排序算法:
remove(beg,end,val)
remove_if(beg,end,unaryPred)
unique(beg,end)
unique(beg,end,binaryPred)
rotate(beg,mid,end)
reverse(beg,end)
reverse_copy(beg,end,dest)
remove_copy(beg,end,dest,val)
remove_copy_if(beg,end,dest,unaryPred)
unique_copy(beg,end,dest)
unique_copy(beg,end,dest,binaryPred)
rotate_copy(beg,mid,end,dest)
random_shuffle(beg,end)
random_shuffle(beg,end,rand)
( 7)排列算法:
next_permutation(beg,end)
next_permutation(beg,end,comp)
prev_permutation(beg,end)
prev_permutation(beg,end,comp)
( 8)有序序列的集合算法:
includes(beg,end,beg2,end2)
includes(beg,end,beg2,end2,comp)
set_union(beg,end,beg2,end2,dest)
set_union(beg,end,beg2,end2,dest,comp)
set_intersection(beg,end,beg2,end2,dest)
set_intersection(beg,end,beg2,end2,dest,comp)
set_difference(beg,end,beg2,end2,dest)
set_difference(beg,end,beg2,end2,dest,comp)
set_symmetric_difference(beg,end,beg2,end2,dest)
set_symmetric_difference(beg,end,beg2,end2,dest,comp)
(8)最大值和最小值算法:
min(va1,va2)
min(val1,val2,comp)
max(val1,val2)
max(val1,val2,comp)
min_element(beg,end)
min_element(beg,end,comp)
max_element(beg,end)
max_element(beg,end,comp)
lexicographical_compare(beg1,end1,beg2,end2)
lexicographical_compare(beg1,end1,beg2,end2,comp)
( 10)算术算法:在 <numeric>中
accumulate(beg,end,init)
accumulate(beg,end,init,BinaryOp)
inner_product(beg1,end1,beg2,init)
inner_product(beg1,end1,beg2,init,BinOp1,BinOp2)
partial_sum(beg,end,dest)
partial_sum(beg,end,dest,BinaryOp)
adjacent_difference(beg,end,dest)
adjacent_difference(beg,end,dest,BinaryOp)
总结:
查找对象的算法、其他只读算法、二分查找算法、写容器元素的算法、划分与排序算法、通用重新排序算法、排列算法、有序序列的集合算法、最大值和最小值算法、算术算法

附录 A.3 再谈 IO
iostream中定义的操纵符: boolalpha,noboolalpha,showbase,noshowbase,showpoint,
noshowpoint,showpos,noshowpos,uppercase,nouppercase,dec,hex,oct,left,right,internal,fixed,scientific,flush,ends,endl,unitbuf,nounitbuf,skipws,noskipws,ws
iomanip中定义的操纵符: setfill(ch),setprecision(n),setw(w),setbase(b)
改变流格式状态的操纵符通常为后续 IO保留改变后的格式状态
取消操纵符的任何状态改变通常是最好的。一般而言,流应该在每个 IO操作之后处于通常的默认状态
用 flags操作恢复格式状态: flags()返回流的当前格式状态,返回值是名为 fmtflags的标准库类型。 flags(arg)将流格式置为指定格式
控制输出格式:有两大类,控制数值的表示,控制填充符的数量和布局
单字节低级 IO操作: is.get(ch),os.put(ch),is.get(),is.putback(ch),is.unget(),
is.peek()
文件结束符: EOF,在 <iostream>中定义
多字节操作: is.get(sink,size,delim),is.getline(sink,size,delim),is.read(sink,
size),is.gcount(),os.write(source,size),is.ignore(size,delim)
流的随机访问:函数 seekg,tellg,seekp,tellp。
普通 iostream对象一般不允许随机访问
在大多数系统上,绑定到 cin,cout,cerr和 clog的流不支持随机访问。随机访问特性常用于 fstream和 sstream
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