Java遍历HashMap并修改(remove)

遍历HashMap的方法有多种，比如通过获取map的keySet, entrySet, iterator之后，都可以实现遍历，然而如果在遍历过程中对map进行读取之外的操作则需要注意使用的遍历方式和操作方法。

public class MapIteratorTest {

private static Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<Integer, String>();

public static void main(String[] args) {
//init
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++){
map.put(i, "value" + i);
}

for(Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry : map.entrySet()){
Integer key = entry.getKey();
if(key % 2 == 0){
System.out.println("To delete key " + key);
map.remove(key);
System.out.println("The key " + + key + " was deleted");
}
}

System.out.println("map size = " + map.size());
for(Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry : map.entrySet()){
System.out.println( entry.getKey() +" = " + entry.getValue());
}
}
}

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

public class MapIteratorTest { private static Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<Integer, String>(); public static void main(String[] args) { //init for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++){ map.put(i, "value" + i); } for(Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry : map.entrySet()){ Integer key = entry.getKey(); if(key % 2 == 0){ System.out.println("To delete key " + key); map.remove(key); System.out.println("The key " + + key + " was deleted"); } } System.out.println("map size = " + map.size()); for(Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry : map.entrySet()){ System.out.println( entry.getKey() +" = " + entry.getValue()); } } }

上面代码的输出结果为

To delete key 0
The key 0 was deleted
Exception in thread "main" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
at java.util.HashMap$HashIterator.nextEntry(HashMap.java:793)
at java.util.HashMap$EntryIterator.next(HashMap.java:834)
at java.util.HashMap$EntryIterator.next(HashMap.java:832)
at com.gpzuestc.collection.MapIteratorTest.main(MapIteratorTest.java:60)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

To delete key 0 The key 0 was deleted Exception in thread "main" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException at java.util.HashMap$HashIterator.nextEntry(HashMap.java:793) at java.util.HashMap$EntryIterator.next(HashMap.java:834) at java.util.HashMap$EntryIterator.next(HashMap.java:832) at com.gpzuestc.collection.MapIteratorTest.main(MapIteratorTest.java:60)

通过上面的输出可以发现第一个偶数key元素已经被成功remove，异常的抛出位置是在迭代器遍历下一个元素的时候。

如果把上面高亮的遍历代码替换成keySet的方式，通过keySet的remove操作同样会在遍历下个元素时抛出异常，示例如下。

Set<Integer> keySet = map.keySet();
for(Integer key : keySet){
if(key % 2 == 0){
System.out.println("To delete key " + key);
keySet.remove(key);
System.out.println("The key " + + key + " was deleted");
}
}

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Set<Integer> keySet = map.keySet(); for(Integer key : keySet){ if(key % 2 == 0){ System.out.println("To delete key " + key); keySet.remove(key); System.out.println("The key " + + key + " was deleted"); } }

To delete key 0
The key 0 was deleted
Exception in thread "main" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
at java.util.HashMap$HashIterator.nextEntry(HashMap.java:793)
at java.util.HashMap$KeyIterator.next(HashMap.java:828)
at com.gpzuestc.collection.MapIteratorTest.main(MapIteratorTest.java:49)

1 2 3 4 5 6

To delete key 0 The key 0 was deleted Exception in thread "main" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException at java.util.HashMap$HashIterator.nextEntry(HashMap.java:793) at java.util.HashMap$KeyIterator.next(HashMap.java:828) at com.gpzuestc.collection.MapIteratorTest.main(MapIteratorTest.java:49)

如果要实现遍历过程中进行remove操作，上面两种方式都不能使用，而是需要通过显示获取keySet或entrySet的iterator来实现。

Iterator<Map.Entry<Integer, String>> it = map.entrySet().iterator();
while(it.hasNext()){
Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry = it.next();
Integer key = entry.getKey();
if(key % 2 == 0){
System.out.println("To delete key " + key);
it.remove();
System.out.println("The key " + + key + " was deleted");

}
}

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Iterator<Map.Entry<Integer, String>> it = map.entrySet().iterator(); while(it.hasNext()){ Map.Entry<Integer, String> entry = it.next(); Integer key = entry.getKey(); if(key % 2 == 0){ System.out.println("To delete key " + key); it.remove(); System.out.println("The key " + + key + " was deleted"); } }

To delete key 0
The key 0 was deleted
To delete key 2
The key 2 was deleted
To delete key 4
The key 4 was deleted
To delete key 6
The key 6 was deleted
To delete key 8
The key 8 was deleted
map size = 5
1 = value1
3 = value3
5 = value5
7 = value7
9 = value9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

To delete key 0 The key 0 was deleted To delete key 2 The key 2 was deleted To delete key 4 The key 4 was deleted To delete key 6 The key 6 was deleted To delete key 8 The key 8 was deleted map size = 5 1 = value1 3 = value3 5 = value5 7 = value7 9 = value9

分析原因

其实上面的三种遍历方式从根本上讲都是使用的迭代器，之所以出现不同的结果是由于remove操作的实现不同决定的。

首先前两种方法都在调用nextEntry方法的同一个地方抛出了异常

final Entry<K,V> nextEntry() {
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
Entry<K,V> e = next;
...
...
}

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

final Entry<K,V> nextEntry() { if (modCount != expectedModCount) throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); Entry<K,V> e = next; ... ... }

这里modCount是表示map中的元素被修改了几次(在移除，新加元素时此值都会自增)，而expectedModCount是表示期望的修改次数，在迭代器构造的时候这两个值是相等，如果在遍历过程中这两个值出现了不同步就会抛出ConcurrentModificationException异常。

1、HashMap的remove方法实现

public V remove(Object key) {
Entry<K,V> e = removeEntryForKey(key);
return (e == null ? null : e.value);
}

1 2 3 4

public V remove(Object key) { Entry<K,V> e = removeEntryForKey(key); return (e == null ? null : e.value); }

2、HashMap.KeySet的remove方法实现

public boolean remove(Object o) {
return HashMap.this.removeEntryForKey(o) != null;
}

1 2 3

public boolean remove(Object o) { return HashMap.this.removeEntryForKey(o) != null; }

3、HashMap.HashIterator的remove方法实现

public void remove() {
if (current == null)
throw new IllegalStateException();
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
Object k = current.key;
current = null;
HashMap.this.removeEntryForKey(k);
expectedModCount = modCount;
}

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

public void remove() { if (current == null) throw new IllegalStateException(); if (modCount != expectedModCount) throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); Object k = current.key; current = null; HashMap.this.removeEntryForKey(k); expectedModCount = modCount; }

以上三种实现方式都通过调用HashMap.removeEntryForKey方法来实现删除key的操作。在removeEntryForKey方法内只要移除了key modCount就会执行一次自增操作，此时modCount就与expectedModCount不一致了，上面三种remove实现中，只有第三种iterator的remove方法在调用完removeEntryForKey方法后同步了expectedModCount值与modCount相同，所以在遍历下个元素调用nextEntry方法时，iterator方式不会抛异常。

final Entry<K,V> removeEntryForKey(Object key) {
int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key.hashCode());
int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
Entry<K,V> prev = table[i];
Entry<K,V> e = prev;

while (e != null) {
Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
Object k;
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
modCount++;
size--;
if (prev == e)
table[i] = next;
else
prev.next = next;
e.recordRemoval(this);
return e;
}
prev = e;
e = next;
}

return e;
}

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

final Entry<K,V> removeEntryForKey(Object key) { int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key.hashCode()); int i = indexFor(hash, table.length); Entry<K,V> prev = table[i]; Entry<K,V> e = prev; while (e != null) { Entry<K,V> next = e.next; Object k; if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) { modCount++; size--; if (prev == e) table[i] = next; else prev.next = next; e.recordRemoval(this); return e; } prev = e; e = next; } return e; }

发散

1、如果是遍历过程中增加或修改数据呢？
增加或修改数据只能通过Map的put方法实现，在遍历过程中修改数据可以，但如果增加新key就会在下次循环时抛异常，因为在添加新key时modCount也会自增。

2、有些集合类也有同样的遍历问题，如ArrayList，通过Iterator方式可正确遍历完成remove操作，直接调用list的remove方法就会抛异常。

//会抛ConcurrentModificationException异常
for(String str : list){
list.remove(str);
}

//正确遍历移除方式
Iterator<String> it = list.iterator();
while(it.hasNext()){
it.next();
it.remove();
}

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

//会抛ConcurrentModificationException异常 for(String str : list){ list.remove(str); } //正确遍历移除方式 Iterator<String> it = list.iterator(); while(it.hasNext()){ it.next(); it.remove(); }

3、jdk为什么这样设计，只允许通过iterator进行remove操作？
HashMap和keySet的remove方法都可以通过传递key参数删除任意的元素，而iterator只能删除当前元素(current)，一旦删除的元素是iterator对象中next所正在引用的，如果没有通过modCount、 expectedModCount的比较实现快速失败抛出异常，下次循环该元素将成为current指向，此时iterator就遍历了一个已移除的过期数据。