您的位置:首页 > 理论基础 > 计算机网络

HttpClient_4 用法 由HttpClient_3 升级到 HttpClient_4 必看

2016-04-08 13:52 411 查看
HttpClient程序包是一个实现了 HTTP 协议的客户端编程工具包,要想熟练的掌握它,必须熟悉 HTTP协议。一个最简单的调用如下:

import java.io.IOException;

import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;

import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;

import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;

import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;

import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpUriRequest;

import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// 核心应用类

HttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();

// HTTP请求

HttpUriRequest request =

new HttpGet("http://localhost/index.html");

// 打印请求信息

System.out.println(request.getRequestLine());

try {

// 发送请求,返回响应

HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(request);

// 打印响应信息

System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());

} catch (ClientProtocolException e) {

// 协议错误

e.printStackTrace();

} catch (IOException e) {

// 网络异常

e.printStackTrace();

}

}

}

如果HTTP服务器正常并且存在相应的服务,则上例会打印出两行结果:

GET http://localhost/index.html HTTP/1.1

HTTP/1.1 200 OK

核心对象httpClient的调用非常直观,其execute方法传入一个request对象,返回一个response对象。使用 httpClient发出HTTP请求时,系统可能抛出两种异常,分别是ClientProtocolException和IOException。第一种异常的发生通常是协议错误导致,如在构造HttpGet对象时传入的协议不对(例如不小心将”http”写成”htp”),或者服务器端返回的内容不符合HTTP协议要求等;第二种异常一般是由于网络原因引起的异常,如HTTP服务器未启动等。

从实际应用的角度看,HTTP协议由两大部分组成:HTTP请求和HTTP响应。那么HttpClient程序包是如何实现HTTP客户端应用的呢?实现过程中需要注意哪些问题呢?

HTTP请求

HTTP 1.1由以下几种请求组成:GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, DELETE, TRACE and OPTIONS, 程序包中分别用HttpGet, HttpHead, HttpPost, HttpPut, HttpDelete, HttpTrace, and HttpOptions 这几个类创建请求。所有的这些类均实现了HttpUriRequest接口,故可以作为execute的执行参数使用。

所有请求中最常用的是GET与POST两种请求,与创建GET请求的方法相同,可以用如下方法创建一个POST请求:

HttpUriRequest request = new HttpPost(

"http://localhost/index.html");

HTTP请求格式告诉我们,有两个位置或者说两种方式可以为request提供参数:request-line方式与request-body方式。

request-line

request-line方式是指在请求行上通过URI直接提供参数。

(1)

我们可以在生成request对象时提供带参数的URI,如:

HttpUriRequest request = new HttpGet(

"http://localhost/index.html?param1=value1¶m2=value2");

(2)

另外,HttpClient程序包为我们提供了URIUtils工具类,可以通过它生成带参数的URI,如:

URI uri = URIUtils.createURI("http", "localhost", -1, "/index.html",

"param1=value1¶m2=value2", null);

HttpUriRequest request = new HttpGet(uri);

System.out.println(request.getURI());

上例的打印结果如下:
http://localhost/index.html?param1=value1¶m2=value2
(3)

需要注意的是,如果参数中含有中文,需将参数进行URLEncoding处理,如:

String param = "param1=" + URLEncoder.encode("中国", "UTF-8") + "¶m2=value2";

URI uri = URIUtils.createURI("http", "localhost", 8080,

"/sshsky/index.html", param, null);

System.out.println(uri);

上例的打印结果如下:
http://localhost/index.html?param1=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD¶m2=value2
(4)

对于参数的URLEncoding处理,HttpClient程序包为我们准备了另一个工具类:URLEncodedUtils。通过它,我们可以直观的(但是比较复杂)生成URI,如:

List params = new ArrayList();

params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param1", "中国"));

params.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param2", "value2"));

String param = URLEncodedUtils.format(params, "UTF-8");

URI uri = URIUtils.createURI("http", "localhost", 8080,

"/sshsky/index.html", param, null);

System.out.println(uri);

上例的打印结果如下:
http://localhost/index.html?param1=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD¶m2=value2
request-body

与request-line方式不同,request-body方式是在request-body中提供参数,此方式只能用于POST请求。在 HttpClient程序包中有两个类可以完成此项工作,它们分别是UrlEncodedFormEntity类与MultipartEntity类。这两个类均实现了HttpEntity接口。

(1)

使用最多的是UrlEncodedFormEntity类。通过该类创建的对象可以模拟传统的HTML表单传送POST请求中的参数。如下面的表单:

<form action="http://localhost/index.html" method="POST">

<input type="text" name="param1" value="中国"/>

<input type="text" name="param2" value="value2"/>

<inupt type="submit" value="submit"/>

</form>

我们可以用下面的代码实现:

List formParams = new ArrayList();

formParams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param1", "中国"));

formParams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param2", "value2"));

HttpEntity entity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formParams, "UTF-8");

HttpPost request = new HttpPost(“http://localhost/index.html”);

request.setEntity(entity);

当然,如果想查看HTTP数据格式,可以通过HttpEntity对象的各种方法取得。如:

List formParams = new ArrayList();

formParams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param1", "中国"));

formParams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("param2", "value2"));

UrlEncodedFormEntity entity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formParams, "UTF-8");

System.out.println(entity.getContentType());

System.out.println(entity.getContentLength());

System.out.println(EntityUtils.getContentCharSet(entity));

System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(entity));

上例的打印结果如下:

Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8

39

UTF-8

param1=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD¶m2=value2

(2)

除了传统的application/x-www-form-urlencoded表单,我们另一个经常用到的是上传文件用的表单,这种表单的类型为 multipart/form-data。在HttpClient程序扩展包(HttpMime)中专门有一个类与之对应,那就是 MultipartEntity类。此类同样实现了HttpEntity接口。如下面的表单:

<form action="http://localhost/index.html" method="POST"

enctype="multipart/form-data">

<input type="text" name="param1" value="中国"/>

<input type="text" name="param2" value="value2"/>

<input type="file" name="param3"/>

<inupt type="submit" value="submit"/>

</form>

我们可以用下面的代码实现:

MultipartEntity entity = new MultipartEntity();

entity.addPart("param1", new StringBody("中国", Charset.forName("UTF-8")));

entity.addPart("param2", new StringBody("value2", Charset.forName("UTF-8")));

entity.addPart("param3", new FileBody(new File("C:\\1.txt")));

HttpPost request = new HttpPost(“http://localhost/index.html”);

request.setEntity(entity);

HTTP响应

HttpClient程序包对于HTTP响应的处理较之HTTP请求来说是简单多了,其过程同样使用了HttpEntity接口。我们可以从 HttpEntity对象中取出数据流(InputStream),该数据流就是服务器返回的响应数据。需要注意的是,HttpClient程序包不负责解析数据流中的内容。如:

HttpUriRequest request = ...;

HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(request);

// 从response中取出HttpEntity对象

HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();

// 查看entity的各种指标

System.out.println(entity.getContentType());

System.out.println(entity.getContentLength());

System.out.println(EntityUtils.getContentCharSet(entity));

// 取出服务器返回的数据流

InputStream stream = entity.getContent();

// 以任意方式操作数据流stream

// 调用方式 略

附注:

本文说明的是HttpClient 4.0.1,该程序包(包括依赖的程序包)由以下几个JAR包组成:

commons-logging-1.1.1.jar

commons-codec-1.4.jar

httpcore-4.0.1.jar

httpclient-4.0.1.jar

apache-mime4j-0.6.jar

httpmime-4.0.1.jar

可以在此处下载完整的JAR包。

现在Apache已经发布了:HttpCore 4.0-beta3、HttpClient 4.0-beta1。

到此处可以去下载这些源代码:http://hc.apache.org/downloads.cgi

另外,还需要apache-mime4j-0.5.jar 包。

在这里先写个简单的POST方法,中文资料不多,英文不太好。

package test;

import java.util.ArrayList;

import java.util.List;

import org.apache.http.Header;

import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;

import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;

import org.apache.http.NameValuePair;

import org.apache.http.client.entity.UrlEncodedFormEntity;

import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;

import org.apache.http.client.params.CookiePolicy;

import org.apache.http.client.params.ClientPNames;

import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;

import org.apache.http.message.BasicNameValuePair;

import org.apache.http.protocol.HTTP;

import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;

public class Test2 {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

DefaultHttpClient httpclient = new DefaultHttpClient(); //实例化一个HttpClient

HttpResponse response = null;

HttpEntity entity = null;

httpclient.getParams().setParameter(

ClientPNames.COOKIE_POLICY, CookiePolicy.BROWSER_COMPATIBILITY); //设置cookie的兼容性

HttpPost httpost = new HttpPost("http://127.0.0.1:8080/pub/jsp/getInfo"); //引号中的参数是:servlet的地址

List <NameValuePair> nvps = new ArrayList <NameValuePair>();

nvps.add(new BasicNameValuePair("jqm", "fb1f7cbdaf2bf0a9cb5d43736492640e0c4c0cd0232da9de"));

// BasicNameValuePair("name", "value"), name是post方法里的属性, value是传入的参数值

nvps.add(new BasicNameValuePair("sqm", "1bb5b5b45915c8"));

httpost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(nvps, HTTP.UTF_8)); //将参数传入post方法中

response = httpclient.execute(httpost); //执行

entity = response.getEntity(); //返回服务器响应

try{

System.out.println("----------------------------------------");

System.out.println(response.getStatusLine()); //服务器返回状态

Header[] headers = response.getAllHeaders(); //返回的HTTP头信息

for (int i=0; i<headers.length; i++) {

System.out.println(headers[i]);

}

System.out.println("----------------------------------------");

String responseString = null;

if (response.getEntity() != null) {

responseString = EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity()); / /返回服务器响应的HTML代码

System.out.println(responseString); //打印出服务器响应的HTML代码

}

} finally {

if (entity != null)

entity.consumeContent(); // release connection gracefully

}

System.out.println("Login form get: " + response.getStatusLine());

if (entity != null) {

entity.consumeContent();

}

}

}

HttpClient4.0 学习实例 - 页面获取

HttpClient 4.0出来不久,所以网络上面相关的实例教程不多,搜httpclient得到的大部分都是基于原 Commons HttpClient 3.1 (legacy) 包的,官网下载页面:http://hc.apache.org/downloads.cgi,如果大家看了官网说明就明白httpclient4.0是从原包分支出来独立成包的,以后原来那个包中的httpclient不会再升级,所以以后我们是用httpclient新分支,由于4.0与之前的3.1包结构以及接口等都有较大变化,所以网上搜到的实例大部分都是不适合4.0的,当然,我们可以通过那些实例去琢磨4.0的用法,我也是新手,记录下学习过程方便以后检索

本实例我们来获取抓取网页编码,内容等信息

默认情况下,服务器端会根据客户端的请求头信息来返回服务器支持的编码,像google.cn他本身支持utf-8,gb2312等编码,所以如果你在头部中不指定任何头部信息的话他默认会返回gb2312编码,而如果我们在浏览器中直接访问google.cn,通过httplook,或者firefox 的firebug插件查看返回头部信息的话会发现他返回的是UTF-8编码

下面我们还是看实例来解说吧,注释等我也放代码里面解释,放完整代码,方便新手理解

本实例将

使用的httpclient相关包

httpclient-4.0.jar

httpcore-4.0.1.jar

httpmime-4.0.jar

commons-logging-1.0.4.jar等其它相关包

// HttpClientTest.java

package com.baihuo.crawler.test;

import java.util.regex.Matcher;

import java.util.regex.Pattern;

import org.apache.http.Header;

import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;

import org.apache.http.HttpHost;

import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;

import org.apache.http.client.HttpClient;

import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;

import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;

import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;

class HttpClientTest {

public final static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

// 初始化,此处构造函数就与3.1中不同

HttpClient httpclient = new DefaultHttpClient();

HttpHost targetHost = new HttpHost("www.google.cn");

//HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("http://www.apache.org/");

HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("/");

// 查看默认request头部信息

System.out.println("Accept-Charset:" + httpget.getFirstHeader("Accept-Charset"));

// 以下这条如果不加会发现无论你设置Accept-Charset为gbk还是utf-8,他都会默认返回gb2312(本例针对google.cn来说)

httpget.setHeader("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN; rv:1.9.1.2)");

// 用逗号分隔显示可以同时接受多种编码

httpget.setHeader("Accept-Language", "zh-cn,zh;q=0.5");

httpget.setHeader("Accept-Charset", "GB2312,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7");

// 验证头部信息设置生效

System.out.println("Accept-Charset:" + httpget.getFirstHeader("Accept-Charset").getValue());

// Execute HTTP request

System.out.println("executing request " + httpget.getURI());

HttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(targetHost, httpget);

//HttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget);

System.out.println("----------------------------------------");

System.out.println("Location: " + response.getLastHeader("Location"));

System.out.println(response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode());

System.out.println(response.getLastHeader("Content-Type"));

System.out.println(response.getLastHeader("Content-Length"));

System.out.println("----------------------------------------");

// 判断页面返回状态判断是否进行转向抓取新链接

int statusCode = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();

if ((statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY) ||

(statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY) ||

(statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_SEE_OTHER) ||

(statusCode == HttpStatus.SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT)) {

// 此处重定向处理 此处还未验证

String newUri = response.getLastHeader("Location").getValue();

httpclient = new DefaultHttpClient();

httpget = new HttpGet(newUri);

response = httpclient.execute(httpget);

}

// Get hold of the response entity

HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();

// 查看所有返回头部信息

Header headers[] = response.getAllHeaders();

int ii = 0;

while (ii < headers.length) {

System.out.println(headers[ii].getName() + ": " + headers[ii].getValue());

++ii;

}

// If the response does not enclose an entity, there is no need

// to bother about connection release

if (entity != null) {

// 将源码流保存在一个byte数组当中,因为可能需要两次用到该流,

byte[] bytes = EntityUtils.toByteArray(entity);

String charSet = "";

// 如果头部Content-Type中包含了编码信息,那么我们可以直接在此处获取

charSet = EntityUtils.getContentCharSet(entity);

System.out.println("In header: " + charSet);

// 如果头部中没有,那么我们需要 查看页面源码,这个方法虽然不能说完全正确,因为有些粗糙的网页编码者没有在页面中写头部编码信息

if (charSet == "") {

regEx="(?=<meta).*?(?<=charset=[\\'|\\\"]?)([[a-z]|[A-Z]|[0-9]|-]*)";

p=Pattern.compile(regEx, Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE);

m=p.matcher(new String(bytes)); // 默认编码转成字符串,因为我们的匹配中无中文,所以串中可能的乱码对我们没有影响

result=m.find();

if (m.groupCount() == 1) {

charSet = m.group(1);

} else {

charSet = "";

}

}

System.out.println("Last get: " + charSet);

// 至此,我们可以将原byte数组按照正常编码专成字符串输出(如果找到了编码的话)

System.out.println("Encoding string is: " + new String(bytes, charSet));

}

httpclient.getConnectionManager().shutdown();

}

}

评论 (共 3 条评论)

flybeing (60.247.43.6), 100天前

我这报错:不能解析导入 org.apache.http.HttpResponse,我加载的httpclient-4.1.1.jar commons-logging-1.1.1.jar commons-codec-1.4.jar三个jar包,不知道什么原因?

回复|支持|反对

匿名 (60.247.43.6), 100天前

你都加载了那些jar包

回复|支持|反对

匿名 (182.50.115.6), 147天前

Apache HttpComponents Client 4.0快速入门/升级-2.POST方法访问网页

Apache HttpComponents Client 4.0已经发布多时,httpclient项目从commons子项目挪到了HttpComponents子项目下,httpclient3.1和 httpcilent4.0无法做到代码向后兼容,升级比较麻烦。我在做项目之余找时间研究了一下,写了一套3.1与4.0对比的代码,不求面面俱到,但 求简单易懂。如果代码用到真实项目中,还需要考虑诸如代理、Header、异常处理之类的问题。

Http POST方法得到www.g.cn的源码:

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.NameValuePair;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.PostMethod;
import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;
import org.apache.http.HttpResponse;
import org.apache.http.ParseException;
import org.apache.http.client.entity.UrlEncodedFormEntity;
import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpPost;
import org.apache.http.impl.client.DefaultHttpClient;
import org.apache.http.message.BasicNameValuePair;
import org.apache.http.protocol.HTTP;
import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;
public class PostSample {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ParseException, IOException {
String url = "http://www.g.cn/";
System.out.println(url);
System.out.println("Visit google using Apache commons-httpclient 3.1:");
List<NameValuePair> data3 = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>();
data3.add(new NameValuePair("username", "testuser"));
data3.add(new NameValuePair("password", "testpassword"));
System.out.println(post3(url, data3));
System.out.println("Visit google using Apache HttpComponents Client 4.0:");
List<BasicNameValuePair> data4 = new ArrayList<BasicNameValuePair>();
data4.add(new BasicNameValuePair("username", "testuser"));
data4.add(new BasicNameValuePair("password", "testpassword"));
System.out.println(post4(url, data4));
}
/** 使用Apache commons-httpclient 3.1,POST方法访问网页 */
public static String post3(String url, List<NameValuePair> data) throws IOException {
org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpClient httpClient = new org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpClient();
PostMethod postMethod = new PostMethod(url);
postMethod.setRequestBody(data.toArray(new NameValuePair[data.size()]));
try {
System.out.println("<< Response: " + httpClient.executeMethod(postMethod));
return postMethod.getResponseBodyAsString();
} finally {
postMethod.releaseConnection();
}
}
/** 使用Apache HttpComponents Client 4.0,POST方法访问网页 */
private static String post4(String url, List<? extends org.apache.http.NameValuePair> data)
throws ParseException, IOException {
org.apache.http.client.HttpClient client = new DefaultHttpClient();
HttpPost httpost = new HttpPost(url);
httpost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(data, HTTP.UTF_8));
try {
HttpResponse response = client.execute(httpost);
HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
System.out.println("<< Response: " + response.getStatusLine());
if (entity != null) {
return EntityUtils.toString(entity);
}
return null;
} finally {
client.getConnectionManager().shutdown();
}
}
}

当然www.g.cn不必要通过post来访问,一般用于需要提交表单的情形。
内容来自用户分享和网络整理,不保证内容的准确性,如有侵权内容,可联系管理员处理 点击这里给我发消息
标签: