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Java+MySQL实现网络爬虫程序

2016-03-21 20:42 781 查看
网络爬虫,也叫网络蜘蛛,有的项目也把它称作“walker”。维基百科所给的定义是“一种系统地扫描互联网,以获取索引为目的的网络程序”。网络上有很多关于网络爬虫的开源项目,其中比较有名的是Heritrix和Apache
Nutch。

有时需要在网上搜集信息,如果需要搜集的是获取方法单一而人工搜集费时费力的信息,比如统计一个网站每个月发了多少篇文章、用了哪些标签,为自然语言处理项目搜集语料,或者为模式识别项目搜集图片等等,就需要爬虫程序来完成这样的任务。而且搜索引擎必不可少的组件之一也是网络爬虫。

很多网络爬虫都是用Python,Java或C#实现的。我这里给出的是Java版本的爬虫程序。为了节省时间和空间,我把程序限制在只扫描本博客地址下的网页(也就是http://johnhan.net/但不包括http://johnhany.net/wp-content/下的内容),并从网址中统计出所用的所有标签。只要稍作修改,去掉代码里的限制条件就能作为扫描整个网络的程序使用。或者对输出格式稍作修改,可以作为生成博客sitemap的工具。

代码也可以在这里下载:johnhany/WPCrawler

环境需求

我的开发环境是Windows7 + Eclipse

需要XAMPP提供通过url访问MySQL数据库的端口。

还要用到三个开源的Java类库:

Apache HttpComponents 4.3 提供HTTP接口,用来向目标网址提交HTTP请求,以获取网页的内容;

HTML Parser 2.0 用来解析网页,从DOM节点中提取网址链接;

MySQL Connector/J 5.1.27 连接Java程序和MySQL,然后就可以用Java代码操作数据库。

代码

代码位于三个文件中,分别是:crawler.java,httpGet.java和parsePage.java。包名为net.johnhany.wpcrawler。

crawler.java

123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990package net.johnhany.wpcrawler; import java.sql.Connection;import java.sql.DriverManager;import java.sql.ResultSet;import java.sql.SQLException;import java.sql.Statement; public class crawler { public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception { String frontpage = "http://johnhany.net/"; Connection conn = null; //connect the MySQL database try { Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); String dburl = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8"; conn = DriverManager.getConnection(dburl, "root", ""); System.out.println("connection built"); } catch (SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } String sql = null; String url = frontpage; Statement stmt = null; ResultSet rs = null; int count = 0; if(conn != null) { //create database and table that will be needed try { sql = "CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS crawler"; stmt = conn.createStatement(); stmt.executeUpdate(sql); sql = "USE crawler"; stmt = conn.createStatement(); stmt.executeUpdate(sql); sql = "create table if not exists record (recordID int(5) not null auto_increment, URL text not null, crawled tinyint(1) not null, primary key (recordID)) engine=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8"; stmt = conn.createStatement(); stmt.executeUpdate(sql); sql = "create table if not exists tags (tagnum int(4) not null auto_increment, tagname text not null, primary key (tagnum)) engine=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8"; stmt = conn.createStatement(); stmt.executeUpdate(sql); } catch (SQLException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } //crawl every link in the database while(true) { //get page content of link "url" httpGet.getByString(url,conn); count++; //set boolean value "crawled" to true after crawling this page sql = "UPDATE record SET crawled = 1 WHERE URL = '" + url + "'"; stmt = conn.createStatement(); if(stmt.executeUpdate(sql) > 0) { //get the next page that has not been crawled yet sql = "SELECT * FROM record WHERE crawled = 0"; stmt = conn.createStatement(); rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql); if(rs.next()) { url = rs.getString(2); }else { //stop crawling if reach the bottom of the list break; } //set a limit of crawling count if(count > 1000 || url == null) { break; } } } conn.close(); conn = null; System.out.println("Done."); System.out.println(count); } }}
httpGet.java

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package
net.johnhany.wpcrawler;

import
java.io.IOException;

import
java.sql.Connection;

import
org.apache.http.HttpEntity;

import
org.apache.http.HttpResponse;

import
org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;

import
org.apache.http.client.ResponseHandler;

import
org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;

import
org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;

import
org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;

import
org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;

public
class
httpGet
{

public
final
static
void
getByString(String
url,
Connection
conn)
throws
Exception
{

CloseableHttpClient
httpclient
=
HttpClients.createDefault();

try
{

HttpGet
httpget
=
new
HttpGet(url);

System.out.println("executing
request "
+
httpget.getURI());

ResponseHandler<String>
responseHandler
=
new
ResponseHandler<String>()
{

public
String
handleResponse(

final
HttpResponse
response)
throws
ClientProtocolException,
IOException
{

int
status
=
response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();

if
(status
>=
200
&&
status
<
300)
{

HttpEntity
entity
=
response.getEntity();

return
entity
!=
null
?
EntityUtils.toString(entity)
:
null;

}
else
{

throw
new
ClientProtocolException("Unexpected
response status: "
+
status);

}

}

};

String
responseBody
=
httpclient.execute(httpget,
responseHandler);

/*

//print the content of the
page

System.out.println("----------------------------------------");

System.out.println(responseBody);

System.out.println("----------------------------------------");

*/

parsePage.parseFromString(responseBody,conn);

}
finally
{

httpclient.close();

}

}

}

parsePage.java

123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117package net.johnhany.wpcrawler; import java.sql.Connection;import java.sql.PreparedStatement;import java.sql.ResultSet;import java.sql.SQLException;import java.sql.Statement; import org.htmlparser.Node;import org.htmlparser.Parser;import org.htmlparser.filters.HasAttributeFilter;import org.htmlparser.tags.LinkTag;import org.htmlparser.util.NodeList;import org.htmlparser.util.ParserException; import java.net.URLDecoder; public class parsePage { public static void parseFromString(String content, Connection conn) throws Exception { Parser parser = new Parser(content); HasAttributeFilter filter = new HasAttributeFilter("href"); try { NodeList list = parser.parse(filter); int count = list.size(); //process every link on this page for(int i=0; i<count; i++) { Node node = list.elementAt(i); if(node instanceof LinkTag) { LinkTag link = (LinkTag) node; String nextlink = link.extractLink(); String mainurl = "http://johnhany.net/"; String wpurl = mainurl + "wp-content/"; //only save page from "http://johnhany.net" if(nextlink.startsWith(mainurl)) { String sql = null; ResultSet rs = null; PreparedStatement pstmt = null; Statement stmt = null; String tag = null; //do not save any page from "wp-content" if(nextlink.startsWith(wpurl)) { continue; } try { //check if the link already exists in the database sql = "SELECT * FROM record WHERE URL = '" + nextlink + "'"; stmt = conn.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE); rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql); if(rs.next()) { }else { //if the link does not exist in the database, insert it sql = "INSERT INTO record (URL, crawled) VALUES ('" + nextlink + "',0)"; pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS); pstmt.execute(); System.out.println(nextlink); //use substring for better comparison performance nextlink = nextlink.substring(mainurl.length()); //System.out.println(nextlink); if(nextlink.startsWith("tag/")) { tag = nextlink.substring(4, nextlink.length()-1); //decode in UTF-8 for Chinese characters tag = URLDecoder.decode(tag,"UTF-8"); sql = "INSERT INTO tags (tagname) VALUES ('" + tag + "')"; pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS); //if the links are different from each other, the tags must be different //so there is no need to check if the tag already exists pstmt.execute(); } } } catch (SQLException e) { //handle the exceptions System.out.println("SQLException: " + e.getMessage()); System.out.println("SQLState: " + e.getSQLState()); System.out.println("VendorError: " + e.getErrorCode()); } finally { //close and release the resources of PreparedStatement, ResultSet and Statement if(pstmt != null) { try { pstmt.close(); } catch (SQLException e2) {} } pstmt = null; if(rs != null) { try { rs.close(); } catch (SQLException e1) {} } rs = null; if(stmt != null) { try { stmt.close(); } catch (SQLException e3) {} } stmt = null; } } } } } catch (ParserException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }}
程序原理 所谓“互联网”,是网状结构,任意两个节点间都有可能存在路径。爬虫程序对互联网的扫描,在图论角度来讲,就是对有向图的遍历(链接是从一个网页指向另一个网页,所以是有向的)。常见的遍历方法有深度优先和广度优先两种。相关理论知识可以参考树的遍历:这里这里。我的程序采用的是广度优先方式。 程序从crawler.java的main()开始运行。

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Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

String
dburl
=
"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8";

conn
=
DriverManager.getConnection(dburl,
"root",
"");

System.out.println("connection
built");

首先,调用DriverManager连接MySQL服务。这里使用的是XAMPP的默认MySQL端口3306,端口值可以在XAMPP主界面看到:








Apache和MySQL都启动之后,在浏览器地址栏输入“http://localhost/phpmyadmin/”就可以看到数据库了。等程序运行完之后可以在这里检查一下运行是否正确。








123456789101112131415sql = "CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS crawler";stmt = conn.createStatement();stmt.executeUpdate(sql); sql = "USE crawler";stmt = conn.createStatement();stmt.executeUpdate(sql); sql = "create table if not exists record (recordID int(5) not null auto_increment, URL text not null, crawled tinyint(1) not null, primary key (recordID)) engine=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8";stmt = conn.createStatement();stmt.executeUpdate(sql); sql = "create table if not exists tags (tagnum int(4) not null auto_increment, tagname text not null, primary key (tagnum)) engine=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8";stmt = conn.createStatement();stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
连接好数据库后,建立一个名为“crawler”的数据库,在库里建两个表,一个叫“record”,包含字段“recordID”,“URL”和“crawled”,分别记录地址编号、链接地址和地址是否被扫描过;另一个叫“tags”,包含字段“tagnum”和“tagname”,分别记录标签编号和标签名。

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while(true)
{

httpGet.getByString(url,conn);

count++;

sql
=
"UPDATE record SET crawled = 1 WHERE URL = '"
+
url
+
"'";

stmt
=
conn.createStatement();

if(stmt.executeUpdate(sql)
>
0)
{

sql
=
"SELECT * FROM record WHERE crawled = 0";

stmt
=
conn.createStatement();

rs
=
stmt.executeQuery(sql);

if(rs.next())
{

url
=
rs.getString(2);

}else
{

break;

}

}

}

接着在一个while循环内依次处理表record内的每个地址。每次处理时,把地址url传递给httpGet.getByString(),然后在表record中把crawled改为true,表明这个地址已经处理过。然后寻找下一个crawled为false的地址,继续处理,直到处理到表尾。

这里需要注意的细节是,执行executeQuery()后,得到了一个ResultSet结构rs,rs包含SQL查询返回的所有行和一个指针,指针指向结果中第一行之前的位置,需要执行一次rs.next()才能让rs的指针指向第一个结果,同时返回true,之后每次执行rs.next()都会把指针移到下一个结果上并返回true,直至再也没有结果时,rs.next()的返回值变成了false。

还有一个细节,在执行建库建表、INSERT、UPDATE时,需要用executeUpdate();在执行SELECT时,需要使用executeQuery()。executeQuery()总是返回一个ResultSet,executeUpdate()返回符合查询的行数。

httpGet.java的getByString()类负责向所给的网址发送请求,然后下载网页内容。

12345678910111213141516HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet(url);System.out.println("executing request " + httpget.getURI()); ResponseHandler<String> responseHandler = new ResponseHandler<String>() { public String handleResponse( final HttpResponse response) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException { int status = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode(); if (status >= 200 && status < 300) { HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity(); return entity != null ? EntityUtils.toString(entity) : null; } else { throw new ClientProtocolException("Unexpected response status: " + status); } }};String responseBody = httpclient.execute(httpget, responseHandler);
这段代码是HTTPComponents的HTTP Client组件中给出的样例,在很多情况下可以直接使用。这部分代码获得了一个字符串responseBody,里面保存着网页中的全部字符。 接着,就需要把responseBody传递给parsePage.java的parseFromString类提取链接。

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Parser
parser
=
new
Parser(content);

HasAttributeFilter
filter
=
new
HasAttributeFilter("href");

try
{

NodeList
list
=
parser.parse(filter);

int
count
=
list.size();

//process
every link on this page

for(int
i=0;
i<count;
i++)
{

Node
node
=
list.elementAt(i);

if(node
instanceof
LinkTag)
{

在HTML文件中,链接一般都在a标签的href属性中,所以需要创建一个属性过滤器。NodeList保存着这个HTML文件中的所有DOM节点,通过在for循环中依次处理每个节点寻找符合要求的标签,可以把网页中的所有链接提取出来。

然后通过nextlink.startsWith()进一步筛选,只处理以“http://johnhany.net/”开头的链接并跳过以“http://johnhany.net/wp-content/”开头的链接。

1234567891011sql = "SELECT * FROM record WHERE URL = '" + nextlink + "'";stmt = conn.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql); if(rs.next()) { }else { //if the link does not exist in the database, insert it sql = "INSERT INTO record (URL, crawled) VALUES ('" + nextlink + "',0)"; pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(sql, Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS); pstmt.execute();
在表record中查找是否已经存在这个链接,如果存在(rs.next()==true),不做任何处理;如果不存在(rs.next()==false),在表中插入这个地址并把crawled置为false。因为之前recordID设为AUTO_INCREMENT,所以要用 Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS获取适当的编号。

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nextlink
=
nextlink.substring(mainurl.length());

if(nextlink.startsWith("tag/"))
{

tag
=
nextlink.substring(4,
nextlink.length()-1);

tag
=
URLDecoder.decode(tag,"UTF-8");

sql
=
"INSERT INTO tags (tagname) VALUES ('"
+
tag
+
"')";

pstmt
=
conn.prepareStatement(sql,
Statement.RETURN_GENERATED_KEYS);

pstmt.execute();

去掉链接开头的“http://johnhany.net/”几个字符,提高字符比较的速度。如果含有“tag/”说明其后的字符是一个标签的名字,把这给名字提取出来,用UTF-8编码,保证汉字的正常显示,然后存入表tags。类似地还可以加入判断“article/”,“author/”,或“2013/11/”等对其他链接进行归类。

结果

这是两张数据库的截图,显示了程序的部分结果:















这里可以获得全部输出结果。可以与本博客的sitemap比较一下,看看如果想在其基础上实现sitemap生成工具,还要做哪些修改。
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