PostgreSQL的SQL命令整理

PostgreSQL的SQL命令

ABORT

中止当前事务。

ABORT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

ALTER AGGREGATE

更改聚合函数的定义。

ALTER AGGREGATE name ( type ) RENAME TO new_name

ALTER AGGREGATE name ( type ) OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER CONVERSION

更改一个转换的定义。

ALTER CONVERSION name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER CONVERSION name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER DATABASE

更改数据库的具体参数。

ALTER DATABASE name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }

ALTER DATABASE name RESET parameter

ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER DOMAIN

变更的定义域的具体参数。

ALTER DOMAIN name { SET DEFAULT expression | DROP DEFAULT }

ALTER DOMAIN name { SET | DROP } NOT NULL

ALTER DOMAIN name ADD domain_constraint

ALTER DOMAIN name DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]

ALTER DOMAIN name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER FUNCTION

改变它的定义了一个函数。

ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, …] ] ) RENAME TO new_name

ALTER FUNCTION name ( [ type [, …] ] ) OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER GROUP

更改用户组

ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username [, … ]

ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username [, … ]

ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO new_name

ALTER INDEX

更改索引的定义

ALTER INDEX name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER INDEX name SET TABLESPACE indexspace_name

ALTER INDEX name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER LANGUAGE

更改程序语言的定义.

ALTER LANGUAGE name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER OPERATOR

更改操作员的定义.

ALTER OPERATOR name ( { lefttype | NONE } , { righttype | NONE } )

OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS

改变一个操作符的定义.

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method RENAME TO new_name

ALTER OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER SCHEMA

更改一个模式的定义.

ALTER SCHEMA name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER SCHEMA name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER SEQUENCE

更改序列发生器的定义.

ALTER SEQUENCE name [ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]

[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]

[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]

[ RESTART [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]

ALTER TABLE

更改的表的定义.

ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]

action [, … ]

ALTER TABLE [ ONLY ] name [ * ]

RENAME [ COLUMN ] column TO new_column

ALTER TABLE name

RENAME TO new_name

动作是以下行之一:

ADD [ COLUMN ] column_type [ column_constraint [ … ] ]

DROP [ COLUMN ] column [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]

ALTER [ COLUMN ] column TYPE type [ USING expression ]

ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET DEFAULT expression

ALTER [ COLUMN ] column DROP DEFAULT

ALTER [ COLUMN ] column { SET | DROP } NOT NULL

ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STATISTICS integer

ALTER [ COLUMN ] column SET STORAGE { PLAIN | EXTERNAL | EXTENDED | MAIN }

ADD table_constraint

DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]

CLUSTER ON index_name

SET WITHOUT CLUSTER

SET WITHOUT OIDS

OWNER TO new_owner

SET TABLESPACE tablespace_name

ALTER TABLESPACE

更改一个表空间的定义.

ALTER TABLESPACE name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER TABLESPACE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER TRIGGER

改变一个触发器的定义.

ALTER TRIGGER name ON table RENAME TO new_name

ALTER TYPE

Change the definition of a type.

ALTER TYPE name OWNER TO new_owner

ALTER USER

更改数据库用户帐户

ALTER USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ … ] ]

ALTER USER name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER USER name SET parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }

ALTER USER name RESET parameter

选项​​可以是:

[ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD ‘password’

| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB

| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER

| VALID UNTIL ‘abstime’

ANALYZE

收集数据库的统计信息.

ANALYZE [ VERBOSE ] [ table [ (column [, …] ) ] ]

BEGIN

Start a transaction block.

BEGIN [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] [ transaction_mode [, …] ]

transaction_mode是其中一个:

ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED

| READ UNCOMMITTED }

READ WRITE | READ ONLY

CHECKPOINT

强制事务处理日志检查点.

CHECKPOINT

CLOSE

关闭游标.

CLOSE name

CLUSTER

根据索引集群表.

CLUSTER index_name ON table_name

CLUSTER table_name

CLUSTER

COMMENT

定义或改变一个对象的注释.

COMMENT ON

{

TABLE object_name |

COLUMN table_name.column_name |

AGGREGATE agg_name (agg_type) |

CAST (source_type AS target_type) |

CONSTRAINT constraint_name ON table_name |

CONVERSION object_name |

DATABASE object_name |

DOMAIN object_name |

FUNCTION func_name (arg1_type, arg2_type, …) |

INDEX object_name |

LARGE OBJECT large_object_oid |

OPERATOR op (left_operand_type, right_operand_type) |

OPERATOR CLASS object_name USING index_method |

[ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE object_name |

RULE rule_name ON table_name |

SCHEMA object_name |

SEQUENCE object_name |

TRIGGER trigger_name ON table_name |

TYPE object_name |

VIEW object_name

} IS ‘text’

COMMIT

提交当前事务.

COMMIT [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

COPY

Copy data between a file and a table.

COPY table_name [ ( column [, …] ) ]

FROM { ‘filename’ | STDIN }

[ [ WITH ]

[ BINARY ]

[ OIDS ]

[ DELIMITER [ AS ] ‘delimiter’ ]

[ NULL [ AS ] ‘null string’ ]

[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] ‘quote’ ]

[ ESCAPE [ AS ] ‘escape’ ]

[ FORCE NOT NULL column [, …] ]

COPY table_name [ ( column [, …] ) ]

TO { ‘filename’ | STDOUT }

[ [ WITH ]

[ BINARY ]

[ OIDS ]

[ DELIMITER [ AS ] ‘delimiter’ ]

[ NULL [ AS ] ‘null string’ ]

[ CSV [ QUOTE [ AS ] ‘quote’ ]

[ ESCAPE [ AS ] ‘escape’ ]

[ FORCE QUOTE column [, …] ]

CREATE AGGREGATE

Define a new aggregate function.

CREATE AGGREGATE name (

BASETYPE = input_data_type,

SFUNC = sfunc,

STYPE = state_data_type

[ , FINALFUNC = ffunc ]

[ , INITCOND = initial_condition ]

)

CREATE CAST

Define a new cast.

CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)

WITH FUNCTION func_name (arg_types)

[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]

CREATE CAST (source_type AS target_type)

WITHOUT FUNCTION

[ AS ASSIGNMENT | AS IMPLICIT ]

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER

定义一个新的约束触发器

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER name

AFTER events ON

table_name constraint attributes

FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( args )

CREATE CONVERSION

定义一个新的转换

CREATE [DEFAULT] CONVERSION name

FOR source_encoding TO dest_encoding FROM func_name

CREATE DATABASE

创建一个新的数据库.

CREATE DATABASE name

[ [ WITH ] [ OWNER [=] db_owner ]

[ TEMPLATE [=] template ]

[ ENCODING [=] encoding ]

[ TABLESPACE [=] tablespace ] ]

CREATE DOMAIN

定义一个新的域.

CREATE DOMAIN name [AS] data_type

[ DEFAULT expression ]

[ constraint [ … ] ]

Where constraint is:

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]

{ NOT NULL | NULL | CHECK (expression) }

CREATE FUNCTION

定义一个新的函数.

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] FUNCTION name ( [ [ arg_name ] arg_type [, …] ] )

RETURNS ret_type

{ LANGUAGE lang_name

| IMMUTABLE | STABLE | VOLATILE

| CALLED ON NULL INPUT | RETURNS NULL ON NULL INPUT | STRICT

| [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY INVOKER | [ EXTERNAL ] SECURITY DEFINER

| AS ‘definition’

| AS ‘obj_file’, ‘link_symbol’

} …

[ WITH ( attribute [, …] ) ]

CREATE GROUP

定义一个新的用户组.

CREATE GROUP name [ [ WITH ] option [ … ] ]

Where option can be:

SYSID gid

| USER username [, …]

CREATE INDEX

定义一个新的索引.

CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX name ON table [ USING method ]

( { column | ( expression ) } [ opclass ] [, …] )

[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]

[ WHERE predicate ]

CREATE LANGUAGE

定义一个新的程序语言.

CREATE [ TRUSTED ] [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name

HANDLER call_handler [ VALIDATOR val_function ]

CREATE OPERATOR

定义一个新的操作.

CREATE OPERATOR name (

PROCEDURE = func_name

[, LEFTARG = left_type ] [, RIGHTARG = right_type ]

[, COMMUTATOR = com_op ] [, NEGATOR = neg_op ]

[, RESTRICT = res_proc ] [, JOIN = join_proc ]

[, HASHES ] [, MERGES ]

[, SORT1 = left_sort_op ] [, SORT2 = right_sort_op ]

[, LTCMP = less_than_op ] [, GTCMP = greater_than_op ]

)

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS

定义一个新的操作符类.

CREATE OPERATOR CLASS name [ DEFAULT ] FOR TYPE data_type

USING index_method AS

{ OPERATOR strategy_number operator_name [ ( op_type, op_type ) ] [ RECHECK ]

| FUNCTION support_number func_name ( argument_type [, …] )

| STORAGE storage_type

} [, … ]

CREATE RULE

定义一个新的重写规则.

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] RULE name AS ON event

TO table [ WHERE condition ]

DO [ ALSO | INSTEAD ] { NOTHING | command | ( command ; command … ) }

CREATE SCHEMA

定义一个新的模式.

CREATE SCHEMA schema_name

[ AUTHORIZATION username ] [ schema_element [ … ] ]

CREATE SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION username

[ schema_element [ … ] ]

CREATE SEQUENCE

定义一个新的序列发生器.

CREATE [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] SEQUENCE name

[ INCREMENT [ BY ] increment ]

[ MINVALUE minvalue | NO MINVALUE ]

[ MAXVALUE maxvalue | NO MAXVALUE ]

[ START [ WITH ] start ] [ CACHE cache ] [ [ NO ] CYCLE ]

CREATE TABLE

定义一个新表.

CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name (

{ column_name data_type [ DEFAULT default_expr ] [ column_constraint [ … ] ]

| table_constraint

| LIKE parent_table [ { INCLUDING | EXCLUDING } DEFAULTS ] } [, … ]

)

[ INHERITS ( parent_table [, … ] ) ]

[ WITH OIDS | WITHOUT OIDS ]

[ ON COMMIT { PRESERVE ROWS | DELETE ROWS | DROP } ]

[ TABLESPACE tablespace ]

Where column_constraint is:

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]

{ NOT NULL |

NULL |

UNIQUE [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |

PRIMARY KEY [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |

CHECK (expression) |

REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column ) ]

[ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]

[ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] }

[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

And table_constraint is:

[ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ]

{ UNIQUE ( column_name [, … ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |

PRIMARY KEY ( column_name [, … ] ) [ USING INDEX TABLESPACE tablespace ] |

CHECK ( expression ) |

FOREIGN KEY ( column_name [, … ] )

REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column [, … ] ) ]

[ MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE ]

[ ON DELETE action ] [ ON UPDATE action ] }

[ DEFERRABLE | NOT DEFERRABLE ] [ INITIALLY DEFERRED | INITIALLY IMMEDIATE ]

CREATE TABLE AS

定义一个新表的查询结果。

CREATE [ [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] { TEMPORARY | TEMP } ] TABLE table_name

[ (column_name [, …] ) ] [ [ WITH | WITHOUT ] OIDS ]

AS query

CREATE TABLESPACE

定义一个新的表空间。

CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name [ OWNER username ] LOCATION ‘directory’

CREATE TRIGGER

定义一个新的触发器。

CREATE TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [ OR … ] }

ON table [ FOR [ EACH ] { ROW | STATEMENT } ]

EXECUTE PROCEDURE func_name ( arguments )

CREATE TYPE

定义一个新的数据类型。

CREATE TYPE name AS

( attribute_name data_type [, … ] )

CREATE TYPE name (

INPUT = input_function,

OUTPUT = output_function

[ , RECEIVE = receive_function ]

[ , SEND = send_function ]

[ , ANALYZE = analyze_function ]

[ , INTERNALLENGTH = { internal_length | VARIABLE } ]

[ , PASSEDBYVALUE ]

[ , ALIGNMENT = alignment ]

[ , STORAGE = storage ]

[ , DEFAULT = default ]

[ , ELEMENT = element ]

[ , DELIMITER = delimiter ]

)

CREATE USER

定义一个新的数据库用户帐户。

CREATE USER name [ [ WITH ] option [ … ] ]

选项​​可以是：

SYSID uid

| [ ENCRYPTED | UNENCRYPTED ] PASSWORD ‘password’

| CREATEDB | NOCREATEDB

| CREATEUSER | NOCREATEUSER

| IN GROUP group_name [, …]

| VALID UNTIL ‘abs_time’

CREATE VIEW

定义一个新的视图。

CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] VIEW name [ ( column_name [, …] ) ] AS query

DEALLOCATE

释放一份事先准备好的声明。

DEALLOCATE [ PREPARE ] plan_name

DECLARE

定义一个游标。

DECLARE name [ BINARY ] [ INSENSITIVE ] [ [ NO ] SCROLL ]

CURSOR [ { WITH | WITHOUT } HOLD ] FOR query

[ FOR { READ ONLY | UPDATE [ OF column [, …] ] } ]

DELETE

删除一个表中的行。

DELETE FROM [ ONLY ] table [ WHERE condition ]

DROP AGGREGATE

Remove an aggregate function.

DROP AGGREGATE name ( type ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP CAST

移除一个转换。

DROP CAST (source_type AS target_type) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP CONVERSION

取下转换。

DROP CONVERSION name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP DATABASE

删除一个数据库。

DROP DATABASE name

DROP DOMAIN

删除域。

DROP DOMAIN name [, …] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP FUNCTION

删除功能(函数)。

DROP FUNCTION name ( [ type [, …] ] ) [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP GROUP

删除用户组。

DROP GROUP name

DROP INDEX

Remove an index.

DROP INDEX name [, …] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP LANGUAGE

Remove a procedural language.

DROP [ PROCEDURAL ] LANGUAGE name [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP OPERATOR

Remove an operator.

DROP OPERATOR name ( { left_type | NONE } , { right_type | NONE } )

[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP OPERATOR CLASS

Remove an operator class.

DROP OPERATOR CLASS name USING index_method [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP RULE

Remove a rewrite rule.

DROP RULE name ON relation [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP SCHEMA

Remove a schema.

DROP SCHEMA name [, …] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP SEQUENCE

Remove a sequence.

DROP SEQUENCE name [, …] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TABLE

Remove a table.

DROP TABLE name [, …] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TABLESPACE

Remove a tablespace.

DROP TABLESPACE tablespace_name

DROP TRIGGER

Remove a trigger.

DROP TRIGGER name ON table [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP TYPE

Remove a data type.

DROP TYPE name [, …] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

DROP USER

Remove a database user account.

DROP USER name

DROP VIEW

Remove a view.

DROP VIEW name [, …] [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

END

Commit the current transaction.

END [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

EXECUTE

Execute a prepared statement.

EXECUTE plan_name [ (parameter [, …] ) ]

EXPLAIN

Show the execution plan of a statement.

EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] statement

FETCH

Retrieve rows from a query using a cursor.

FETCH [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name

Where direction can be empty or one of:

NEXT

PRIOR

FIRST

LAST

ABSOLUTE count

RELATIVE count

count

ALL

FORWARD

FORWARD count

FORWARD ALL

BACKWARD

BACKWARD count

BACKWARD ALL

GRANT

Define access privileges.

GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }

[,…] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, …]

TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, …] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,…] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

ON DATABASE db_name [, …]

TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, …] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, …]

TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, …] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, …]) [, …]

TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, …] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, …]

TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, …] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [,…] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

ON SCHEMA schema_name [, …]

TO { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, …] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

INSERT

Create new rows in a table.

INSERT INTO table [ ( column [, …] ) ]

{ DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ( { expression | DEFAULT } [, …] ) | query }

LISTEN

Listen for a notification.

LISTEN name

LOAD

Load or reload a shared library file.

LOAD ‘filename’

LOCK

Lock a table.

LOCK [ TABLE ] name [, …] [ IN lock_mode MODE ] [ NOWAIT ]

Where lock_mode is one of:

ACCESS SHARE | ROW SHARE | ROW EXCLUSIVE | SHARE UPDATE EXCLUSIVE

| SHARE | SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE | EXCLUSIVE | ACCESS EXCLUSIVE

MOVE

Position a cursor.

MOVE [ direction { FROM | IN } ] cursor_name

NOTIFY

Generate a notification.

NOTIFY name

PREPARE

Prepare a statement for execution.

PREPARE plan_name [ (data_type [, …] ) ] AS statement

REINDEX

Rebuild indexes.

REINDEX { DATABASE | TABLE | INDEX } name [ FORCE ]

RELEASE SAVEPOINT

Destroy a previously defined saveyiibai.

RELEASE [ SAVEPOINT ] saveyiibai_name

RESET

Restore the value of a runtime parameter to the default value.

RESET name

RESET ALL

REVOKE

Remove access privileges.

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]

{ { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | RULE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }

[,…] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, …]

FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, …]

[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]

{ { CREATE | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [,…] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

ON DATABASE db_name [, …]

FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, …]

[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]

{ CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, …]

FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, …]

[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]

{ EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

ON FUNCTION func_name ([type, …])
adde
[, …]

FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, …]

[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]

{ USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, …]

FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, …]

[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

REVOKE [ GRANT OPTION FOR ]

{ { CREATE | USAGE } [,…] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }

ON SCHEMA schema_name [, …]

FROM { username | GROUP group_name | PUBLIC } [, …]

[ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]

ROLLBACK

Abort the current transaction.

ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ]

ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT

Roll back to a saveyiibai.

ROLLBACK [ WORK | TRANSACTION ] TO [ SAVEPOINT ] saveyiibai_name

SAVEPOINT

Define a new saveyiibai within the current transaction.

SAVEPOINT saveyiibai_name

SELECT

Retrieve rows from a table or view.

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, …] ) ] ]

* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, …]

[ FROM from_item [, …] ]

[ WHERE condition ]

[ GROUP BY expression [, …] ]

[ HAVING condition [, …] ]

[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]

[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, …] ]

[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]

[ OFFSET start ]

[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, …] ] ]

Where from_item can be one of:

[ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, …] ) ] ]

( select ) [ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, …] ) ]

function_name ( [ argument [, …] ] )

[ AS ] alias [ ( column_alias [, …] | column_definition [, …] ) ]

function_name ( [ argument [, …] ] ) AS ( column_definition [, …] )

from_item [ NATURAL ] join_type from_item

[ ON join_condition | USING ( join_column [, …] ) ]

SELECT INTO

Define a new table from the results of a query.

SELECT [ ALL | DISTINCT [ ON ( expression [, …] ) ] ]

* | expression [ AS output_name ] [, …]

INTO [ TEMPORARY | TEMP ] [ TABLE ] new_table

[ FROM from_item [, …] ]

[ WHERE condition ]

[ GROUP BY expression [, …] ]

[ HAVING condition [, …] ]

[ { UNION | INTERSECT | EXCEPT } [ ALL ] select ]

[ ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [, …] ]

[ LIMIT { count | ALL } ]

[ OFFSET start ]

[ FOR UPDATE [ OF table_name [, …] ] ]

SET

Change a runtime parameter.

SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] name { TO | = } { value | ‘value’ | DEFAULT }

SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] TIME ZONE { time_zone | LOCAL | DEFAULT }

SET CONSTRAINTS

Set constraint checking modes for the current transaction.

SET CONSTRAINTS { ALL | name [, …] } { DEFERRED | IMMEDIATE }

SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION

Set the session user identifier and the current user identifier of the current session.

SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION username

SET [ SESSION | LOCAL ] SESSION AUTHORIZATION DEFAULT

RESET SESSION AUTHORIZATION

SET TRANSACTION

Set the characteristics of the current transaction.

SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, …]

SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, …]

Where transaction_mode is one of:

ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED

| READ UNCOMMITTED }

READ WRITE | READ ONLY

SHOW

显示运行参数的值.

SHOW name

SHOW ALL

START TRANSACTION

开始一个事务块.

START TRANSACTION [ transaction_mode [, …] ]

transaction_mode是其中一个:

ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED

| READ UNCOMMITTED }

READ WRITE | READ ONLY

TRUNCATE

清空一个表.

TRUNCATE [ TABLE ] name

UNLISTEN

停止监听通知.

UNLISTEN { name | * }

UPDATE

更新表行.

UPDATE [ ONLY ] table SET column = { expression | DEFAULT } [, …]

[ FROM from_list ]

[ WHERE condition ]

VACUUM

垃圾收集和分析数据库（可选）.

VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] [ table ]

VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] ANALYZE [ table [ (column [, …] ) ] ]