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Shell条件语句

2016-02-29 17:23 561 查看
if 语句通过关系运算符判断表达式的真假来决定执行哪个分支。Shell 有三种 if ... else 语句:
if ... fi 语句;
if ... else ... fi 语句;
if ... elif ... else ... fi 语句。

1) if ... else 语句

if ... else 语句的语法:
if [ expression ]
then
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
fi

注意:expression 和方括号([ ])之间必须有空格,否则会有语法错误。

举个例子:

#!/bin/sh

a=10
b=20

if [ $a == $b ]
then
echo "a is equal to b"
fi

if [ $a != $b ]
then
echo "a is not equal to b"
fi

运行结果:
a is not equal to b

2) if ... else ... fi 语句

举个例子:

#!/bin/sh

a=10
b=20

if [ $a == $b ]
then
echo "a is equal to b"
else
echo "a is not equal to b"
fi

执行结果:
a is not equal to b

3) if ... elif ... fi 语句

举个例子:

#!/bin/sh

a=10
b=20

if [ $a == $b ]
then
echo "a is equal to b"
elif [ $a -gt $b ]
then
echo "a is greater than b"
elif [ $a -lt $b ]
then
echo "a is less than b"
else
echo "None of the condition met"
fi

运行结果:
a is less than b


if ... else 语句也可以写成一行,以命令的方式来运行,像这样:

if test $[2*3] -eq $[1+5]; then echo 'The two numbers are equal!'; fi;

if ... else 语句也经常与 test 命令结合使用,如下所示:

num1=$[2*3]
num2=$[1+5]
if test $[num1] -eq $[num2]
then
echo 'The two numbers are equal!'
else
echo 'The two numbers are not equal!'
fi

输出:
The two numbers are equal!

test 命令用于检查某个条件是否成立,与方括号([ ])类似。

case 语句匹配一个值或一个模式,如果匹配成功,执行相匹配的命令。case语句格式如下:
case 值 in
模式1)
command1
command2
command3
;;
模式2)
command1
command2
command3
;;
*)
command1
command2
command3
;;
esac

case工作方式如上所示。取值后面必须为关键字 in,每一模式必须以右括号结束。取值可以为变量或常数。匹配发现取值符合某一模式后,其间所有命令开始执行直至 ;;。;; 与其他语言中的 break 类似,意思是跳到整个 case 语句的最后。

下面的脚本提示输入1到4,与每一种模式进行匹配:

echo 'Input a number between 1 to 4'
echo 'Your number is:\c'
read aNum
case $aNum in
1) echo 'You select 1'
;;
2) echo 'You select 2'
;;
3) echo 'You select 3'
;;
4) echo 'You select 4'
;;
*) echo 'You do not select a number between 1 to 4'
;;
esac

输入不同的内容,会有不同的结果,例如:
Input a number between 1 to 4
Your number is:3
You select 3


再举一个例子:

#!/bin/bash

option="${1}"
case ${option} in
-f) FILE="${2}"
echo "File name is $FILE"
;;
-d) DIR="${2}"
echo "Dir name is $DIR"
;;
*)
echo "`basename ${0}`:usage: [-f file] | [-d directory]"
exit 1 # Command to come out of the program with status 1
;;
esac

运行结果:
$./test.sh
test.sh: usage: [ -f filename ] | [ -d directory ]
$ ./test.sh -f index.htm
File name is index.htm
$ ./test.sh -d unix
Dir name is unix
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标签:  shell 条件语句