详解Linux中获取全球唯一标示符UUID的方法

UUID(Universally Unique IDentifiers),全球唯一标示符.它是一个标识系统中的存储设备的字符串,使其确定系统中的所有存储设备。

为什么要使用UUID？因为系统自动分配的设备名称并非总是一致的,它们依赖于启动时内核加载模块的顺序.相同的名称可能代表不同的硬盘分区.如果每个分区有一个唯一的UUID值,尤其是在grub中的kernel设置,这样就不会发生分区识别混乱的问题.

下面介绍几种方法来获得UUID.

1.最简单的方法就是使用blkid命令,它主要用来对系统的块设备(包括交换分区)所使用的文件系统类型,LABEL,UUID等信息查询. 使用这个命令需要安装e2fsprogs包.

root@10.1.1.200:~# dpkg -l | grep e2fsprogs
ii  e2fsprogs                             1.41.3-1                  ext2/ext3/ext4 file system utilities
ii  libuuid-perl                          0.02-4                    Perl extension for using UUID interfaces as defined in e2fsprogs
root@10.1.1.200:~# blkid 
/dev/sda1: UUID="b20e80f1-c88d-4918-9d9b-75cd7906629e" TYPE="ext3"
/dev/sda5: TYPE="swap" UUID="1fb3d17b-b2fe-470d-b39c-f00c4a30efbf"
/dev/sda6: UUID="c7050200-7efb-468c-81d1-a3add309bee1" TYPE="ext3" SEC_TYPE="ext2"
/dev/sda7: UUID="934e4e22-3431-4707-8d47-dca47e76f448" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/hioa: UUID="de0af117-ad92-4867-aa21-3e7d423e8864" TYPE="xfs"
root@10.1.1.200:~# blkid /dev/sda1
/dev/sda1: UUID="b20e80f1-c88d-4918-9d9b-75cd7906629e" TYPE="ext3"
root@10.1.1.200:~# cat /etc/blkid.tab
<device DEVNO="0x0801" TIME="1364787338" UUID="b20e80f1-c88d-4918-9d9b-75cd7906629e" TYPE="ext3">/dev/sda1</device>
<device DEVNO="0x0805" TIME="1364787338" TYPE="swap" UUID="1fb3d17b-b2fe-470d-b39c-f00c4a30efbf">/dev/sda5</device>
<device DEVNO="0x0806" TIME="1364787338" UUID="c7050200-7efb-468c-81d1-a3add309bee1" TYPE="ext3" SEC_TYPE="ext2">/dev/sda6</device>
<device DEVNO="0x0807" TIME="1364787338" UUID="934e4e22-3431-4707-8d47-dca47e76f448" TYPE="xfs">/dev/sda7</device>
<device DEVNO="0xfd00" TIME="1364787338" UUID="de0af117-ad92-4867-aa21-3e7d423e8864" TYPE="xfs">/dev/hioa</device>

2.通过浏览/dev/disk/by-uuid/下的设备文件信息.

root@10.1.1.200:~# ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2013-03-19 11:01 1fb3d17b-b2fe-470d-b39c-f00c4a30efbf -> ../../sda5
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2013-03-19 11:01 934e4e22-3431-4707-8d47-dca47e76f448 -> ../../sda7
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2013-03-19 11:01 b20e80f1-c88d-4918-9d9b-75cd7906629e -> ../../sda1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2013-03-19 11:01 c7050200-7efb-468c-81d1-a3add309bee1 -> ../../sda6
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2013-03-19 11:02 de0af117-ad92-4867-aa21-3e7d423e8864 -> ../../hioa
root@10.1.1.200:~# ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/ | grep sda1 | awk '{print $8}'
b20e80f1-c88d-4918-9d9b-75cd7906629e

3.通过vol_id命令查看

root@10.1.1.200:~# vol_id /dev/sda1
ID_FS_USAGE=filesystem
ID_FS_TYPE=ext3
ID_FS_VERSION=1.0
ID_FS_UUID=b20e80f1-c88d-4918-9d9b-75cd7906629e
ID_FS_UUID_ENC=b20e80f1-c88d-4918-9d9b-75cd7906629e
ID_FS_LABEL=
ID_FS_LABEL_ENC=
ID_FS_LABEL_SAFE=
root@10.1.1.200:~# vol_id /dev/sda1 | grep 'UUID'
ID_FS_UUID=b20e80f1-c88d-4918-9d9b-75cd7906629e
ID_FS_UUID_ENC=b20e80f1-c88d-4918-9d9b-75cd7906629e、

4.使用tune2fs,,它是linux下文件系统调整工具

root@10.1.1.200:~# tune2fs -l /dev/sda1
tune2fs 1.41.3 (12-Oct-2008)
Filesystem volume name:   <none>
Last mounted on:          <not available>
Filesystem UUID:          b20e80f1-c88d-4918-9d9b-75cd7906629e
Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53
Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery sparse_super large_file
Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash 
Default mount options:    (none)
Filesystem state:         clean
Errors behavior:          Continue
Filesystem OS type:       Linux
Inode count:              1864128
Block count:              7442103
Reserved block count:     372105
Free blocks:              6884819
Free inodes:              1712582
First block:              0
root@10.1.1.200:~# tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 | grep 'UUID'
Filesystem UUID:          b20e80f1-c88d-4918-9d9b-75cd7906629e

这里额外在看下tune2fs一些常用参数:

root@192.168.2.80:~# tune2fs --help
tune2fs 1.41.3 (12-Oct-2008)
tune2fs: invalid option -- '-'
Usage: tune2fs  [-e errors_behavior] [-g group]

[-i interval[d|m|w]] 文件系统的检查间隔时间,系统在达到时间间隔,自动检查文件系统.
[-j] [-J journal_options] 转换文件系统
[-l] 显示文件系统参数
[-m reserved_blocks_percent] 设置保留的空间百分比
[-o [^]mount_options[,...]] 设置默认加载参数.
[-c max_mounts_count] 表示文件系统在mount次数达到设定后，需要运行fsck检查文件系统。

通常如果使用ext3文件系统的话，使用-c 0关掉mount次数达到后的文件系统检查。
禁止强制的文件系统检查：

root@10.1.1.200:~# tune2fs -i0 -c0 /dev/sda1
tune2fs 1.41.3 (12-Oct-2008)
Setting maximal mount count to -1
Setting interval between checks to 0 seconds

还有一个dump2fs也是文件系统调整的工具.

dump2fs显示当前的磁盘状态:

root@10.1.1.200:~# dumpe2fs /dev/sda1
Filesystem volume name:   <none>
Last mounted on:          <not available>
Filesystem UUID:          b20e80f1-c88d-4918-9d9b-75cd7906629e
Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53
Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery sparse_super large_file
Filesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash 
Default mount options:    (none)
Filesystem state:         clean
Errors behavior:          Continue
Filesystem OS type:       Linux
Inode count:              1864128
Block count:              7442103
Reserved block count:     372105
Free blocks:              6884819
Free inodes:              1712582
First block:              0
Block size:               4096
Fragment size:            4096
Reserved GDT blocks:      1022
Blocks per group:         32768
Fragments per group:      32768
Inodes per group:         8176
Inode blocks per group:   511
Filesystem created:       Fri Nov 16 15:36:59 2012
Last mount time:          Tue Mar 19 11:02:58 2013
Last write time:          Wed Mar 27 14:09:25 2013
Mount count:              17
Maximum mount count:      -1
Last checked:             Fri Nov 16 15:36:59 2012
Check interval:           0 (<none>)
Reserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)
First inode:              11
Inode size:           256
Required extra isize:     28
Desired extra isize:      28
Journal inode:            8
First orphan inode:       1618875
Default directory hash:   half_md4
Directory Hash Seed:      3090ccf1-625c-4934-9ec4-be3f74767f98
Journal backup:           inode blocks
Journal size:             128M

Group 0: (Blocks 0-32767)
  Primary superblock at 0, Group descriptors at 1-2
  Reserved GDT blocks at 3-1024
  Block bitmap at 1025 (+1025), Inode bitmap at 1026 (+1026)
  Inode table at 1027-1537 (+1027)
0 free blocks, 8152 free inodes, 2 directories
  Free blocks: 
  Free inodes: 22, 25, 27-8176
Group 1: (Blocks 32768-65535)
  Backup superblock at 32768, Group descriptors at 32769-32770
  Reserved GDT blocks at 32771-33792
  Block bitmap at 33793 (+1025), Inode bitmap at 33794 (+1026)
  Inode table at 33795-34305 (+1027)
  3 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 directories
  Free blocks: 34309-34311
  Free inodes: 8177-16352
Group 2: (Blocks 65536-98303)
  Block bitmap at 65536 (+0), Inode bitmap at 65537 (+1)
  Inode table at 65538-66048 (+2)
  7 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 directories
  Free blocks: 66049-66055
  Free inodes: 16353-24528
Group 3: (Blocks 98304-131071)
  Backup superblock at 98304, Group descriptors at 98305-98306
  Reserved GDT blocks at 98307-99328
  Block bitmap at 99329 (+1025), Inode bitmap at 99330 (+1026)
  Inode table at 99331-99841 (+1027)
  6 free blocks, 8176 free inodes, 0 directories
  Free blocks: 99842-99847
  Free inodes: 24529-32704
Group 4: (Blocks 131072-163839)
  Block bitmap at 131072 (+0), Inode bitmap at 131073 (+1)
  Inode table at 131074-131584 (+2)
  63 free blocks, 0 free inodes, 0 directories
  Free blocks: 132074-132079, 133643-133647, 135671, 137739-137743, 139811-139815, 141814-141815, 143879, 145922-145927, 147933-147935, 150022-150023, 15207
1, 154107-154111, 156169-156175, 158202-158207, 160251-160255, 162293-162295
  Free inodes: 
Group 5: (Blocks 163840-196607)
  Backup superblock at 163840, Group descriptors at 163841-163842
  Reserved GDT blocks at 163843-164864
  Block bitmap at 164865 (+1025), Inode bitmap at 164866 (+1026)
  Inode table at 164867-165377 (+1027)
  0 free blocks, 8130 free inodes, 0 directories
  Free blocks: 
  Free inodes: 40881, 40928-49056