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举例讲解C#编程中委托的实例化使用

2016-01-31 16:43 1181 查看

合并委托
本示例演示如何创建多播委托。 委托对象的一个有用属性是:可以使用 + 运算符将多个对象分配给一个委托实例。多播委托包含已分配委托的列表。在调用多播委托时,它会按顺序调用列表中的委托。只能合并相同类型的委托。
- 运算符可用于从多播委托中移除组件委托。

using System;
// Define a custom delegate that has a string parameter and returns void.
delegate void CustomDel(string s);
class TestClass
{
// Define two methods that have the same signature as CustomDel.
static void Hello(string s)
{
System.Console.WriteLine(" Hello, {0}!", s);
}
static void Goodbye(string s)
{
System.Console.WriteLine(" Goodbye, {0}!", s);
}
static void Main()
{
// Declare instances of the custom delegate.
CustomDel hiDel, byeDel, multiDel, multiMinusHiDel;
// In this example, you can omit the custom delegate if you
// want to and use Action<string> instead.
//Action<string> hiDel, byeDel, multiDel, multiMinusHiDel;
// Create the delegate object hiDel that references the
// method Hello.
hiDel = Hello;
// Create the delegate object byeDel that references the
// method Goodbye.
byeDel = Goodbye;
// The two delegates, hiDel and byeDel, are combined to
// form multiDel.
multiDel = hiDel + byeDel;
// Remove hiDel from the multicast delegate, leaving byeDel,
// which calls only the method Goodbye.
multiMinusHiDel = multiDel - hiDel;
Console.WriteLine("Invoking delegate hiDel:");
hiDel("A");
Console.WriteLine("Invoking delegate byeDel:");
byeDel("B");
Console.WriteLine("Invoking delegate multiDel:");
multiDel("C");
Console.WriteLine("Invoking delegate multiMinusHiDel:");
multiMinusHiDel("D");
}
}

输出:

Invoking delegate hiDel:
Hello, A!
Invoking delegate byeDel:
Goodbye, B!
Invoking delegate multiDel:
Hello, C!
Goodbye, C!
Invoking delegate multiMinusHiDel:
Goodbye, D!


声明、实例化和使用委托
在 C# 1.0 及更高版本中,可以按以下示例所示声明委托。


 

// Declare a delegate.
delegate void Del(string str);
// Declare a method with the same signature as the delegate.
static void Notify(string name)
{
Console.WriteLine("Notification received for: {0}", name);
}
// Create an instance of the delegate.
Del del1 = new Del(Notify);

C# 2.0 提供了更简单的方法来编写上面的声明,如以下示例所示。

// C# 2.0 provides a simpler way to declare an instance of Del.
Del del2 = Notify;

在 C# 2.0 及更高版本中,还可以使用匿名方法来声明和初始化委托,如以下示例所示。

// Instantiate Del by using an anonymous method.
Del del3 = delegate(string name)
{ Console.WriteLine("Notification received for: {0}", name); };

在 C# 3.0 及更高版本中,还可以使用 Lambda 表达式来声明和实例化委托,如以下示例所示。

// Instantiate Del by using a lambda expression.
Del del4 = name => { Console.WriteLine("Notification received for: {0}", name); };

下面的示例阐释声明、实例化和使用委托。 BookDB 类封装一个书店数据库,它维护一个书籍数据库。它公开 ProcessPaperbackBooks 方法,该方法在数据库中查找所有平装书,并对每本平装书调用一个委托。使用的 delegate 类型名为 ProcessBookDelegate。 Test 类使用该类打印平装书的书名和平均价格。
委托的使用促进了书店数据库和客户代码之间功能的良好分隔。客户代码不知道书籍的存储方式和书店代码查找平装书的方式。书店代码也不知道找到平装书后将对平装书执行什么处理。

// A set of classes for handling a bookstore:
namespace Bookstore
{
using System.Collections;
// Describes a book in the book list:
public struct Book
{
public string Title;    // Title of the book.
public string Author;    // Author of the book.
public decimal Price;    // Price of the book.
public bool Paperback;   // Is it paperback?
public Book(string title, string author, decimal price, bool paperBack)
{
Title = title;
Author = author;
Price = price;
Paperback = paperBack;
}
}
// Declare a delegate type for processing a book:public delegate void ProcessBookDelegate(Book book);// Maintains a book database.
public class BookDB
{
// List of all books in the database:
ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
// Add a book to the database:
public void AddBook(string title, string author, decimal price, bool paperBack)
{
list.Add(new Book(title, author, price, paperBack));
}
// Call a passed-in delegate on each paperback book to process it:
public void ProcessPaperbackBooks(ProcessBookDelegate processBook)
{
foreach (Book b in list)
{
if (b.Paperback)
// Calling the delegate:processBook(b);}
}
}
}
// Using the Bookstore classes:
namespace BookTestClient
{
using Bookstore;
// Class to total and average prices of books:
class PriceTotaller
{
int countBooks = 0;
decimal priceBooks = 0.0m;
internal void AddBookToTotal(Book book)
{
countBooks += 1;
priceBooks += book.Price;
}
internal decimal AveragePrice()
{
return priceBooks / countBooks;
}
}
// Class to test the book database:
class TestBookDB
{
// Print the title of the book.
static void PrintTitle(Book b)
{
System.Console.WriteLine("  {0}", b.Title);
}
// Execution starts here.
static void Main()
{
BookDB bookDB = new BookDB();
// Initialize the database with some books:
AddBooks(bookDB);
// Print all the titles of paperbacks:
System.Console.WriteLine("Paperback Book Titles:");
// Create a new delegate object associated with the static
// method Test.PrintTitle:bookDB.ProcessPaperbackBooks(PrintTitle);// Get the average price of a paperback by using
// a PriceTotaller object:
PriceTotaller totaller = new PriceTotaller();
// Create a new delegate object associated with the nonstatic
// method AddBookToTotal on the object totaller:bookDB.ProcessPaperbackBooks(totaller.AddBookToTotal);System.Console.WriteLine("Average Paperback Book Price: ${0:#.##}",
totaller.AveragePrice());
}
// Initialize the book database with some test books:
static void AddBooks(BookDB bookDB)
{
bookDB.AddBook("The C Programming Language", "Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie", 19.95m, true);
bookDB.AddBook("The Unicode Standard 2.0", "The Unicode Consortium", 39.95m, true);
bookDB.AddBook("The MS-DOS Encyclopedia", "Ray Duncan", 129.95m, false);
bookDB.AddBook("Dogbert's Clues for the Clueless", "Scott Adams", 12.00m, true);
}
}
}

输出:

Paperback Book Titles:
The C Programming Language
The Unicode Standard 2.0
Dogbert's Clues for the Clueless
Average Paperback Book Price: $23.97

可靠编程
声明委托。
下面的语句声明一个新的委托类型。

public delegate void ProcessBookDelegate(Book book);

每个委托类型都描述参数的数目和类型,以及它可以封装的方法的返回值类型。每当需要一组新的参数类型或新的返回值类型时,都必须声明一个新的委托类型。
实例化委托。
声明了委托类型后,必须创建委托对象并使之与特定方法关联。在上一个示例中,您通过按下面示例中的方式将 PrintTitle 方法传递到 ProcessPaperbackBooks 方法来实现这一点:

bookDB.ProcessPaperbackBooks(PrintTitle);

这将创建与静态方法 Test.PrintTitle 关联的新委托对象。类似地,对象 totaller 的非静态方法 AddBookToTotal 是按下面示例中的方式传递的:

bookDB.ProcessPaperbackBooks(totaller.AddBookToTotal);

在两个示例中,都向 ProcessPaperbackBooks 方法传递了一个新的委托对象。
委托创建后,它的关联方法就不能更改;委托对象是不可变的。
调用委托。
创建委托对象后,通常将委托对象传递给将调用该委托的其他代码。通过委托对象的名称(后面跟着要传递给委托的参数,括在括号内)调用委托对象。下面是委托调用的示例:

processBook(b);

与本例一样,可以通过使用 BeginInvoke 和 EndInvoke 方法同步或异步调用委托。

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标签:  C 委托