MySQL索引选择不正确并详细解析OPTIMIZER_TRACE格式

一 表结构如下: 

CREATE TABLE t_audit_operate_log (

  Fid bigint(16) AUTO_INCREMENT,

  Fcreate_time int(10) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',

  Fuser varchar(50) DEFAULT '',

  Fip bigint(16) DEFAULT NULL,

  Foperate_object_id bigint(20) DEFAULT '0',

  PRIMARY KEY (Fid),

  KEY indx_ctime (Fcreate_time),

  KEY indx_user (Fuser),

  KEY indx_objid (Foperate_object_id),

  KEY indx_ip (Fip)

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

执行查询:

mysql> explain select count(*) from t_audit_operate_log where Fuser='XX@XX.com' and Fcreate_time>=1407081600
and Fcreate_time<=1407427199\G

*************************** 1. row ***************************

id: 1

select_type: SIMPLE

table: t_audit_operate_log

type: ref

possible_keys: indx_ctime,indx_user

key: indx_user

key_len: 153

ref: const

rows: 2007326

Extra: Using where

发现,使用了一个不合适的索引, 不是很理想，于是改成指定索引：

mysql> explain select count(*) from t_audit_operate_log use index(indx_ctime) where Fuser='CY6016@cyou-inc.com' and Fcreate_time>=1407081600 and Fcreate_time<=1407427199\G

*************************** 1. row ***************************

id: 1

select_type: SIMPLE

table: t_audit_operate_log

type: range

possible_keys: indx_ctime

key: indx_ctime

key_len: 5

ref: NULL

rows: 670092

Extra: Using where

实际执行耗时，后者比前者快了接近10

问题: 很奇怪，优化器为何不选择使用 indx_ctime 索引，而选择了明显会扫描更多行的 indx_user 索引。

分析2个索引的数据量如下:  两个条件的唯一性对比：

select count(*) from t_audit_operate_log where Fuser='XX@XX.com';

+----------+

| count(*) |

+----------+

| 1238382 | 

+----------+

select count(*) from t_audit_operate_log where Fcreate_time>=1407254400 and Fcreate_time<=1407427199;

+----------+

| count(*) |

+----------+

| 198920 | 

+----------+

显然,使用索引indx_ctime好于indx_user,但MySQL却选择了indx_user. 为什么?

于是,使用 OPTIMIZER_TRACE进一步探索.

 

二  OPTIMIZER_TRACE的过程说明

以本处事例简要说明OPTIMIZER_TRACE的过程.

查看OPTIMIZER_TRACE方法：

1.set optimizer_trace='enabled=on';    --- 开启trace

2.set optimizer_trace_max_mem_size=1000000;    --- 设置trace大小

3.set end_markers_in_json=on;    --- 增加trace中注释

4.select * from information_schema.optimizer_trace\G;

{\
"steps": [\
{\
"join_preparation": {\ ---优化准备工作
"select#": 1,\
"steps": [\
{\
"expanded_query": "/* select#1 */ select count(0) AS `count(*)` from `t_audit_operate_log` where ((`t_audit_operate_log`.`Fuser` = 'XX@XX.com') and (`t_audit_operate_log`.`Fcreate_time` >= 1407081600) and (`t_audit_operate_log`.`Fcreate_time` <= 1407427199))"\
}\
] /* steps */\
} /* join_preparation */\
},\
{\
"join_optimization": {\ ---优化工作的主要阶段,包括逻辑优化和物理优化两个阶段
"select#": 1,\
"steps": [\ ---优化工作的主要阶段, 逻辑优化阶段
{\
"condition_processing": {\ ---逻辑优化,条件化简
"condition": "WHERE",\
"original_condition": "((`t_audit_operate_log`.`Fuser` = 'XX@XX.com') and (`t_audit_operate_log`.`Fcreate_time` >= 1407081600) and (`t_audit_operate_log`.`Fcreate_time` <= 1407427199))",\
"steps": [\
{\
"transformation": "equality_propagation",\ ---逻辑优化,条件化简,等式处理
"resulting_condition": "((`t_audit_operate_log`.`Fuser` = 'XX@XX.com') and (`t_audit_operate_log`.`Fcreate_time` >= 1407081600) and (`t_audit_operate_log`.`Fcreate_time` <= 1407427199))"\
},\
{\
"transformation": "constant_propagation",\ ---逻辑优化,条件化简,常量处理
"resulting_condition": "((`t_audit_operate_log`.`Fuser` = 'XX@XX.com') and (`t_audit_operate_log`.`Fcreate_time` >= 1407081600) and (`t_audit_operate_log`.`Fcreate_time` <= 1407427199))"\
},\
{\
"transformation": "trivial_condition_removal",\ ---逻辑优化,条件化简,条件去除
"resulting_condition": "((`t_audit_operate_log`.`Fuser` = 'XX@XX.com') and (`t_audit_operate_log`.`Fcreate_time` >= 1407081600) and (`t_audit_operate_log`.`Fcreate_time` <= 1407427199))"\
}\
] /* steps */\
} /* condition_processing */\
},\ ---逻辑优化,条件化简,结束
{\
"table_dependencies": [\ ---逻辑优化, 找出表之间的相互依赖关系. 非直接可用的优化方式.
{\
"table": "`t_audit_operate_log`",\
"row_may_be_null": false,\
"map_bit": 0,\
"depends_on_map_bits": [\
] /* depends_on_map_bits */\
}\
] /* table_dependencies */\
},\
{\
"ref_optimizer_key_uses": [\ ---逻辑优化, 找出备选的索引
{\
"table": "`t_audit_operate_log`",\
"field": "Fuser",\
"equals": "'XX@XX.com'",\
"null_rejecting": false\
}\
] /* ref_optimizer_key_uses */\
},\
{\
"rows_estimation": [\ ---逻辑优化, 估算每个表的元组个数. 单表上进行全表扫描和索引扫描的代价估算. 每个索引都估算索引扫描代价
{\
"table": "`t_audit_operate_log`",\
"range_analysis": {\
"table_scan": {\---逻辑优化, 估算每个表的元组个数. 单表上进行全表扫描的代价
"rows": 8150516,\
"cost": 1.73e6\
} /* table_scan */,\
"potential_range_indices": [\ ---逻辑优化, 列出备选的索引. 后续版本字符串变为potential_range_indexes
{\
"index": "PRIMARY",\---逻辑优化, 本行表明主键索引不可用
"usable": false,\
"cause": "not_applicable"\
},\
{\
"index": "indx_ctime",\---逻辑优化, 索引indx_ctime
"usable": true,\
"key_parts": [\
"Fcreate_time",\
"Fid"\
] /* key_parts */\
},\
{\
"index": "indx_user",\---逻辑优化, 索引indx_user
"usable": true,\
"key_parts": [\
"Fuser",\
"Fid"\
] /* key_parts */\
},\
{\
"index": "indx_objid",\---逻辑优化, 索引
"usable": false,\
"cause": "not_applicable"\
},\
{\
"index": "indx_ip",\---逻辑优化, 索引
"usable": false,\
"cause": "not_applicable"\
}\
] /* potential_range_indices */,\
"setup_range_conditions": [\ ---逻辑优化, 如果有可下推的条件,则带条件考虑范围查询
] /* setup_range_conditions */,\
"group_index_range": {\---逻辑优化, 如带有GROUPBY或DISTINCT,则考虑是否有索引可优化这种操作. 并考虑带有MIN/MAX的情况
"chosen": false,\
"cause": "not_group_by_or_distinct"\
} /* group_index_range */,\
"analyzing_range_alternatives": {\---逻辑优化,开始计算每个索引做范围扫描的花费(等值比较是范围扫描的特例)
"range_scan_alternatives": [\
{\
"index": "indx_ctime",\ ---[A]
"ranges": [\
"1407081600 <= Fcreate_time <= 1407427199"\
] /* ranges */,\
"index_dives_for_eq_ranges": true,\
"rowid_ordered": false,\
"using_mrr": true,\
"index_only": false,\
"rows": 688362,\
"cost": 564553,\ ---逻辑优化,这个索引的代价最小
"chosen": true\ ---逻辑优化,这个索引的代价最小,被选中. (比前面的table_scan 和其他索引的代价都小)
},\
{\
"index": "indx_user",\
"ranges": [\
"XX@XX.com <= Fuser <= XX@XX.com"\
] /* ranges */,\
"index_dives_for_eq_ranges": true,\
"rowid_ordered": true,\
"using_mrr": true,\
"index_only": false,\
"rows": 1945894,\
"cost": 1.18e6,\
"chosen": false,\
"cause": "cost"\
}\
] /* range_scan_alternatives */,\
"analyzing_roworder_intersect": {\
"usable": false,\
"cause": "too_few_roworder_scans"\
} /* analyzing_roworder_intersect */\
} /* analyzing_range_alternatives */,\---逻辑优化,开始计算每个索引做范围扫描的花费. 这项工作结算
"chosen_range_access_summary": {\---逻辑优化,开始计算每个索引做范围扫描的花费. 总结本阶段最优的.
"range_access_plan": {\
"type": "range_scan",\
"index": "indx_ctime",\
"rows": 688362,\
"ranges": [\
"1407081600 <= Fcreate_time <= 1407427199"\
] /* ranges */\
} /* range_access_plan */,\
"rows_for_plan": 688362,\
"cost_for_plan": 564553,\
"chosen": true\ -- 这里看到的cost和rows都比 indx_user 要来的小很多---这个和[A]处是一样的,是信息汇总.
} /* chosen_range_access_summary */\
} /* range_analysis */\
}\
] /* rows_estimation */\ ---逻辑优化, 估算每个表的元组个数. 行估算结束
},\
{\
"considered_execution_plans": [\ ---物理优化, 开始多表连接的物理优化计算
{\
"plan_prefix": [\
] /* plan_prefix */,\
"table": "`t_audit_operate_log`",\
"best_access_path": {\
"considered_access_paths": [\
{\
"access_type": "ref",\ ---物理优化, 计算indx_user索引上使用ref方查找的花费,
"index": "indx_user",\
"rows": 1.95e6,\
"cost": 683515,\
"chosen": true\
},\ ---物理优化, 本应该比较所有的可用索引,即打印出多个格式相同的但索引名不同的内容,这里却没有。推测是bug--没有遍历每一个索引.
{\
"access_type": "range",\---物理优化,猜测对应的是indx_time（没有实例可进行调试，对比5.7的跟踪信息猜测而得）
"rows": 516272,\
"cost": 702225,\---物理优化，代价大于了ref方式的683515，所以没有被选择
"chosen": false\ -- cost比上面看到的增加了很多，但rows没什么变化 ---物理优化，此索引没有被选择
}\
] /* considered_access_paths */\
} /* best_access_path */,\
"cost_for_plan": 683515,\ ---物理优化，汇总在best_access_path 阶段得到的结果
"rows_for_plan": 1.95e6,\
"chosen": true\ -- cost比上面看到的竟然小了很多？虽然rows没啥变化 ---物理优化，汇总在best_access_path 阶段得到的结果
}\
] /* considered_execution_plans */\
},\
{\
"attaching_conditions_to_tables": {\---逻辑优化，尽量把条件绑定到对应的表上
} /* attaching_conditions_to_tables */\
},\
{\
"refine_plan": [\
{\
"table": "`t_audit_operate_log`",\---逻辑优化，下推索引条件"pushed_index_condition"；其他条件附加到表上做为过滤条件"table_condition_attached"
}\
] /* refine_plan */\
}\
] /* steps */\
} /* join_optimization */\ \---逻辑优化和物理优化结束
},\
{\
"join_explain": {} /* join_explain */\
}\
] /* steps */\

三 其他一个相似问题

单表扫描，使用ref和range从索引获取数据一例  

http://blog.163.com/li_hx/blog/static/183991413201461853637715/

四 问题的解决方式

遇到单表上有多个索引的时候,在MySQL5.6.20版本之前的版本,需要人工强制使用索引,以达到最好的效果.