您的位置:首页 > 理论基础 > 计算机网络

LINUX网络管理之Centos6&&Centos7

2015-09-03 10:03 543 查看
一、网络的意义
时至今日,互联网已经成了人类发展中最重要的资源,在人类还没有足够充分的准备来迎接网络时代的来临时,它就已经成了我们生活中与一切行动紧密相关的内容。我们已无法离开网络,就象生活少不了吃饭一样。虽然没有网络时代的人也存在了上万年,创造出了种种伟大的文明和辉煌成就,但是人的欲望和智慧总是相依相伴的,欲望一旦促使智慧得到开启后,会变得一发不可收拾,无法再回头。
随着网络的发展和壮大。各互联网公司对网络的安全,可靠要求也越来越大。网络管理已经成为我们必须熟悉掌握的一项基本技能。

二、Centos 6的网络管理(以太网)
centos 6网络接口的命名方式:eth[0,1,2],centos 6的网路接口命名根据mac地址来识别,第一个识别到的网卡命名为eth0,第二个识别的为eth1,以此类推。这种情况可能会导致当你在eth0配置好了网络配置文件后。当eth0这块网卡坏掉了。我们买了一块新的网卡还是插回原来的槽中,但是网卡名字已经更改为eth1。这会导致之前的网络配置文件无法使用。这个情况在centos 7上得到了改善,这个我们第三章再做说明。

ifconfig命令(立即生效,但是重启系统后即失效)
ifconfig [interface]
# ifconfig -a
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig -a
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 08:00:27:78:CB:FC
inet addr:192.168.0.114  Bcast:192.168.0.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe78:cbfc/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
RX packets:189 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:308 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:20800 (20.3 KiB)  TX bytes:53808 (52.5 KiB)
Base address:0xd010 Memory:f0000000-f0020000

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1
RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:560 (560.0 b)  TX bytes:560 (560.0 b)
#显示所有网卡信息
# ifconfig IFACE [up|down]
#禁用或启用指定的网卡eth0
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth0 down
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth0 up
ifconfig interface [aftype] options | address ...
# ifconfig IFACE IP/mask [up]
#为eth0配置IP地址,后面直接指定掩码位数
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1/24
# ifconfig IFACE IP netmask MASK
#为eth0配置IP地址,后面直接输入netmask+掩码
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0


route命令(路由管理命令)
查看:route -n
[root@localhost ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
192.168.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth0
0.0.0.0         192.168.0.1     0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0
添加:route add
route add [-net|-host] target [netmask Nm] [gw Gw] [[dev] If]
#指定去往192.168.0.88的目标主机网关为192.168.0.1,经由eth0网卡转发
[root@localhost ~]# route add -host 192.168.0.88 gw 192.168.0.1 dev eth0
[root@localhost ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
192.168.0.88    192.168.0.1     255.255.255.255 UGH   0      0        0 eth0
其中Flags为路由标志,标记当前网络节点的状态:U Up表示此路由当前为启动状态H Host,表示此网关为一主机G Gateway,表示此网关为一路由器R Reinstate Route,使用动态路由重新初始化的路由D Dynamically,此路由是动态性地写入M Modified,此路由是由路由守护程序或导向器动态修改! 表示此路由当前为关闭状态
#指定去往192.168.0.0的目标网络网关为192.168.0.1,经由eth0网卡转发
[root@localhost ~]# route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.0.1 dev eth0
[root@localhost ~]# route add -net 192.168.0.0/24 gw 192.168.0.1 dev eth0
[root@localhost ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
192.168.0.0     192.168.0.1     255.255.255.0   UG    0      0        0 eth0


#指定网关为192.168.0.1的默认路由,默认路由只需要添加一条,添加多条以第一条为准
[root@localhost ~]# route add -net 0.0.0.0/32 gw 192.168.0.1
[root@localhost ~]# route add default gw 192.168.0.1
[root@localhost ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
0.0.0.0         192.168.0.1     0.0.0.0         UG    0      0        0 eth0


删除:route del
route del [-net|-host] target [gw Gw] [netmask Nm] [[dev] If]
#删除主机路由
[root@localhost ~]# route del -host 192.168.0.88
#删除网络路由
[root@localhost ~]# route del -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0
#删除默认路由
[root@localhost ~]# route del default


DNS服务器指定:
编辑:/etc/resolv.conf
nameserver DNS_SERVER_IP1(nameserver 8.8.8.8)
nameserver DNS_SERVER_IP2
nameserver DNS_SERVER_IP3
FQDN:(Fully Qualified Domain Name)完全合格域名/全称域名,是指主机名加上全路径,全路径中列出了序列中所有域成员。全域名可以从逻辑上准确地表示出主机在什么地方,也可以说全域名是主机名的一种完全表示形式。从全域名中包含的信息可以看出主机在域名树中的位置。DNS解析流程:首先查找本机HOSTS表,有的直接使用表中定义,没有查找网络连接中设置的DNS 服务器由他来解析。
正解:FQDN-->IP(www.google.com-->216.58.221.36)

# dig -t A FQDN
[root@localhost ~]# dig -t A www.google.com

; <<>> DiG 9.3.4-P1 <<>> -t A www.google.com
;; global options:  printcmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 38677
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 4, ADDITIONAL: 4

;; QUESTION SECTION(这里是我们疑问的问题):
;www.google.com.			IN	A

;; ANSWER SECTION(这里是我们回答我们的问题):
www.google.com.		370	IN	A	216.58.221.36

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
google.com.		11188	IN	NS	ns2.google.com.
google.com.		11188	IN	NS	ns1.google.com.
google.com.		11188	IN	NS	ns4.google.com.
google.com.		11188	IN	NS	ns3.google.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
ns1.google.com.		30626	IN	A	216.239.32.10
ns2.google.com.		12121	IN	A	216.239.34.10
ns3.google.com.		21582	IN	A	216.239.36.10
ns4.google.com.		10738	IN	A	216.239.38.10

;; Query time: 12 msec
;; SERVER: 8.8.8.8#53(8.8.8.8)(这里是我们指定为我们做解析的的DNS服务器)
;; WHEN: Thu Sep  3 17:27:02 2015
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 184
# host -t A FQDN
[root@localhost ~]# host -t A www.google.com
www.google.com has address 216.58.221.36
反解:IP-->FQDN(216.58.221.36-->www.google.com)
# dig -x IP
[root@localhost ~]# dig -x 216.58.221.36

; <<>> DiG 9.3.4-P1 <<>> -x 216.58.221.36
;; global options:  printcmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 46451
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 4, ADDITIONAL: 4

;; QUESTION SECTION:
;36.221.58.216.in-addr.arpa.	IN	PTR

;; ANSWER SECTION:
36.221.58.216.in-addr.arpa. 281	IN	PTR	hkg08s13-in-f4.1e100.net.
36.221.58.216.in-addr.arpa. 281	IN	PTR	hkg08s13-in-f36.1e100.net.

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
221.58.216.in-addr.arpa. 38624	IN	NS	ns1.google.com.
221.58.216.in-addr.arpa. 38624	IN	NS	ns3.google.com.
221.58.216.in-addr.arpa. 38624	IN	NS	ns2.google.com.
221.58.216.in-addr.arpa. 38624	IN	NS	ns4.google.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
ns1.google.com.		30015	IN	A	216.239.32.10
ns2.google.com.		11510	IN	A	216.239.34.10
ns3.google.com.		20971	IN	A	216.239.36.10
ns4.google.com.		10127	IN	A	216.239.38.10

;; Query time: 13 msec
;; SERVER: 8.8.8.8#53(8.8.8.8)
;; WHEN: Thu Sep  3 17:37:14 2015
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 258
# host -t PTR IP
[root@localhost ~]# host -t PTR 216.58.221.36
36.221.58.216.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer hkg08s13-in-f36.1e100.net.
36.221.58.216.in-addr.arpa domain name pointer hkg08s13-in-f4.1e100.net


netstat命令:
netstat - Print network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships

显示网络连接:
netstat [--tcp|-t] [--udp|-u] [--raw|-w] [--listening|-l] [--all|-a] [--numeric|-n] [--extend|-e[--extend|-e]] [--program|-p]
-t: tcp协议相关
-u: udp协议相关
-w: raw socket相关
-l: 处于监听状态
-a: 所有状态
-n: 以数字显示IP和端口;
-e:扩展格式
-p: 显示相关进程及PID

常用组合:
-tan, -uan, -tnl, -unl
#显示tcp协议相关的所有连接状态信息,以数字显示IP和端口
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -tan
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address             State
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:833                 0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:111                 0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:631               0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25                0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:6010              0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN
tcp        0      0 :::22                       :::*                        LISTEN
tcp        0      0 ::1:6010                    :::*                        LISTEN
tcp        0      0 ::ffff:192.168.0.114:22     ::ffff:192.168.0.107:62362  ESTABLISHED


#显示tcp协议相关的所有连接状态信息的相关进程及PID,以数字显示IP和端口
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -tanp
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address             State       PID/Program name
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:833                 0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      1923/rpc.statd
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:111                 0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      1894/portmap
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:631               0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      2182/cupsd
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25                0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      2206/sendmail: acce
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:6010              0.0.0.0:*                   LISTEN      2508/0
tcp        0      0 :::22                       :::*                        LISTEN      2167/sshd
tcp        0      0 ::1:6010                    :::*                        LISTEN      2508/0
tcp        0      0 ::ffff:192.168.0.114:22     ::ffff:192.168.0.107:62362  ESTABLISHED 2508/0


显示路由表:

netstat {--route|-r} [--numeric|-n]
-r: 显示内核路由表
-n: 数字格式
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -rn
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
192.168.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth0
169.254.0.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 eth0
0.0.0.0         192.168.0.1     0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 eth0


显示接口统计数据:
netstat {--interfaces|-I|-i} [iface] [--all|-a] [--extend|-e] [--program|-p] [--numeric|-n]
-i:显示所有接口的统计数据

[root@localhost ~]# netstat -i
Kernel Interface table
Iface       MTU Met    RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR    TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg
eth0       1500   0     8234      0      0      0     6545      0      0      0 BMRU
lo        16436   0       34      0      0      0       34      0      0      0 LRU
-I IFACE:显示IFACE接口的统计数据(-I接口,参数和接口之间不用空格,直接连着打)
[root@localhost ~]# netstat -Ieth0
Kernel Interface table
Iface       MTU Met    RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR    TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg
eth0       1500   0     8265      0      0      0     6559      0      0      0 BMRU


ip命令:
ip - show / manipulate routing, devices, policy routing and tunnels
ip [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND | help }

OBJECT := { link | addr | route }

link OBJECT:
ip link - network device configuration
set dev IFACE up:禁用指定接口
set dev IFACE down:禁用指定接口
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set dev eth0 down
[root@localhost ~]# ip link set dev eth0 up


show
[dev IFACE]:指定接口
[root@localhost ~]# ip link show eth0
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:4d:f1:47 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff


ip addr - protocol address management
ip addr { add | del } IFADDR dev STRING

[label LABEL]:添加地址时指明网卡别名
[scope {global(全局可用)|link(仅链接可用)|host(本机可用)}]:指明作用域
[broadcast ADDRESS]:指明广播地址
#add为添加多一个新IP地址
[root@localhost ~]# ip addr add 192.168.0.222/24 label eth0:0 scope global dev eth0
[root@localhost ~]# ip addr show eth0
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:78:cb:fc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.0.114/24 brd 192.168.0.255 scope global eth0
inet 192.168.0.222/24 scope global secondary eth0:0
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe78:cbfc/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever


ip addr show - look at protocol addresses
[dev DEVICE]
[label PATTERN]
[root@localhost ~]# ip addr show eth0
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast qlen 1000
link/ether 08:00:27:78:cb:fc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.0.114/24 brd 192.168.0.255 scope global eth0
inet 192.168.0.222/24 scope global secondary eth0:0
inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe78:cbfc/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever


ip addr flush - flush protocol addresses
[dev DEVICE]:清空指定设备的所有IP地址,慎用,一执行所有IP地址都清空

ip route - routing table management
添加路由:ip route add TARGET via GW dev IFACE src SOURCE_IP
TARGET:主机路由直接输入IP。网络路由:NETWORK/MASK,地址加掩码
[root@localhost ~]# ip route add 192.168.0.88 via 192.168.0.1
[root@localhost ~]# ip route show
192.168.0.88 via 192.168.0.1 dev eth0
添加网关:ip route add defalt via GW dev IFACE

ip route delete
删除路由:ip route del TARGET
[root@localhost ~]# ip route del 192.168.0.99
ip route show

[root@localhost ~]# ip route show
192.168.0.88 via 192.168.0.1 dev eth0
ip route flush
dev IFACE:清空指定设备的所有路由条目

ss和netstat都是用来查看网络状态的。但是在连接数异常多的时候ss的性能会比netstat快几倍。所以在连接数很多的时候建议使用ss
ss查看网络状态工具命令:
格式:ss [OPTION]... [FILTER]
选项:
-t: tcp协议相关
-u: udp协议相关
-w: 裸套接字相关
-x:unix sock相关
-l: listen状态的连接
-a: 所有
-n: 数字格式
-p: 相关的程序及PID
-e: 扩展的信息
-m:内存用量
-o:计时器信息

FILTER := [ state TCP-STATE ] [ EXPRESSION ]
TCP的常见状态:

tcp finite state machine:
LISTEN: 监听
ESTABLISHED:已建立的连接
FIN_WAIT_1
FIN_WAIT_2
SYN_SENT
SYN_RECV
CLOSED

EXPRESSION:
dport =
sport =
示例:’( dport = :ssh or sport = :ssh )’

常用组合:
-tan, -tanl, -tanlp, -uan

本文出自 “马尔高” 博客,请务必保留此出处http://kgdbfmwfn.blog.51cto.com/5062471/1691067
内容来自用户分享和网络整理,不保证内容的准确性,如有侵权内容,可联系管理员处理 点击这里给我发消息
标签: