ORACLE SQL 约束

第十章:约束
约束是表中列的属性，用来维护数据结构完整性的一种手段

约束的种类:
NOT NULL
UNIQUE
PARIAMRY KEY
FOREIGN KEY
CHECK( email is not null)

创建表的时候带有约束信息:
create table e (
empno number(4) constraint pk_e_empno primary key,
ename varchar2(10) not null,
email varchar2(30),
constraint uk_e_email unique (email));

查看约束信息:
select constraint_name,
constraint_type,
SEARCH_CONDITION,
R_CONSTRAINT_NAME
from user_constraints
where table_name='E';

select constraint_name,column_name from user_cons_columns
where table_name='E';

添加约束:
alter table e add (sal number(7,2),deptno number(2));

alter table e add constraint ck_e_sal check (sal>999 and sal is not null);

alter table e add constraint fk_e_deptno foreign key(deptno) references dept (deptno);

注意:not null 约束只能在列级别指定不能在表级别指定！
alter table e modify (ename varchar2(10) constraint nn_e_ename not null);

select table_name,constraint_type from user_constraints where constraint_name='PK_DEPT';

select table_name,column_name from user_cons_columns
where constraint_name='PK_DEPT';

insert into e values (1,'X1','x1@uplooking.com',1000,10);
insert into e values (2,'X2','x2@uplooking.com',2000,20);
insert into e values (3,'X3','x3@uplooking.com',2000,40);
commit;

测试数据依赖关系:
delete dept where deptno=40;

删除约束:
alter table e drop constraint fk_e_deptno;

外键约束的两种特殊情况（主键删除有级联）
alter table e add constraint fk_e_deptno foreign key(deptno) references dept (deptno) on delete set null;

alter table e add constraint fk_e_deptno foreign key(deptno) references dept (deptno) on delete cascade;

约束的状态:
select constraint_name,
status,VALIDATED
from user_constraints
where table_name='E';

禁止约束:
alter table e modify constraint UK_E_EMAIL disable;

启用约束:
alter table e modify constraint UK_E_EMAIL enable;

排它操作:
@?/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt
alter table e modify constraint CK_E_SAL enable validate exceptions into exceptions;

删除外键，重新建立父子关系(子表为e，父表为d，d表拷贝dept表数据):
alter table e drop constraint fk_e_deptno;

create table d as select * from dept;

alter table d add constraint pk_d_deptno primary key (deptno);

alter table e add constraint fk_e_deptno foreign key(deptno) references d (deptno);

父子关系建立后对父表结构修改的影响:
alter table d drop (deptno);
ORA-12992: cannot drop parent key column

强制删除父表主键:
alter table d drop (deptno) cascade constraints;