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shell编程——if语句

2015-06-17 15:18 627 查看
if
语句格式


if 条件

then

Command

else

Command

fi 别忘了这个结尾
If语句忘了结尾fi

test.sh: line 14: syntax error: unexpected end of fi
if
的三种条件表达式


if

command

then

if

函数

then
命令执行成功,等于返回0 (比如grep ,找到匹配)

执行失败,返回非0 (grep,没找到匹配)
if [ expression_r_r_r ]

then
表达式结果为真,则返回0,if把0值引向then
if test expression_r_r_r

then
表达式结果为假,则返回非0,if把非0值引向then
[
] && ——快捷if


[ -f "/etc/shadow" ] && echo "This computer uses shadow passwors"
&& 可以理解为then

如果左边的表达式为真则执行右边的语句
shell的if与c语言if的功能上的区别

shell ifc语言if
0为真,走then正好相反,非0走then
不支持整数变量直接if

必须:if [ i –ne 0 ]

但支持字符串变量直接if

if [ str ] 如果字符串非0
支持变量直接if

if (i )
=================================以command作为if 条件===================================

以多条command或者函数作为if
条件


echo –n “input:”

read user

if

多条指令,这些命令之间相当于“and”(与)

grep $user /etc/passwd >/tmp/null

who -u | grep $user

then 上边的指令执行成功,返回值$?为0,0为真,运行then

echo "$user has logged"

else 指令执行失败,$?为1,运行else

echo "$user has not logged"

fi
# sh test.sh

input : macg

macg pts/0 May 15 15:55 . 2075 (192.168.1.100)

macg has logged

# sh test.sh

input : ddd

ddd has not logged
以函数作为if条件 (函数就相当于command,函数的优点是其return值可以自定义)

if

以函数作为if条件,

getyn

then 函数reture值0为真,走then

echo " your answer is yes"

else 函数return值非0为假,走else

echo "your anser is no"

fi
if
command 等价于 command+if $?


$ vi testsh.sh

#!/bin/sh

if

cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1

then

echo found

else

echo "no found"

fi
$ vi testsh.sh

#!/bin/sh

cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1

if [ $? -eq 0 ]

then

echo $?

echo found

else

echo $?

echo "no found"

fi
$ sh testsh.sh

no found
$ sh testsh.sh

1

no found
$ vi 111-tmp.txt

that is 222file

thisting1 is 111file

$ sh testsh.sh

thisting1 is 111file

found
$ vi 111-tmp.txt

that is 222file

thisting1 is 111file

$ sh testsh.sh

thisting1 is 111file

0

found
========================================以条件表达式作为 if条件=============================

传统if
从句子——以条件表达式作为 if条件


if [ 条件表达式 ]

then

command

command

command

else

command

command

fi

条件表达式

文件表达式

if [ -f file ] 如果文件存在

if [ -d ... ] 如果目录存在

if [ -s file ] 如果文件存在且非空

if [ -r file ] 如果文件存在且可读

if [ -w file ]
如果文件存在且可写

if [ -x file ]
如果文件存在且可执行

整数变量表达式

if [ int1 -eq int2 ] 如果int1等于int2

if [ int1 -ne int2 ] 如果不等于

if [ int1 -ge int2 ] 如果>=

if [ int1 -gt int2 ] 如果>

if [ int1 -le int2 ] 如果<=

if [ int1 -lt int2 ] 如果<

字符串变量表达式

If [
$a = $b ] 如果string1等于string2

字符串允许使用赋值号做等号

if [
$string1 != $string2
] 如果string1不等于string2

if [ -n $string ] 如果string
非空(非0),返回0(true)


if [
-z $string ] 如果string
为空

if [ $sting ] 如果string
非空,返回0 (和-n类似)


条件表达式引用变量要带$

if [ a = b ] ;then

echo equal

else

echo no equal

fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh

input a:

5

input b:

5

no equal (等于表达式没比较$a和$b,而是比较和a和b,自然a!=b)
改正:

if [ $a = $b ] ;then

echo equal

else

echo no equal

fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh

input a:

5

input b:

5

equal
-eq -ne -lt -nt只能用于整数,不适用于字符串,字符串等于用赋值号=

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo -n "input your choice:"

read var

if [ $var -eq "yes" ]

then

echo $var

fi

[macg@machome ~]$ sh -x test.sh

input your choice:

y

test.sh: line 3: test: y: integer expression_r_r_r expected

期望整数形式,即-eq不支持字符串
=放在别的地方是赋值,放在if
[ ] 里就是字符串等于,shell里面没有==的,那是c语言的等于


无空格的字符串,可以加"
",也可以不加


[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input a:"

read a

echo "input is $a"

if [ $a = 123 ] ; then

echo equal123

fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh

input a:

123

input is 123

equal123
=
作为等于时,其两边都必须加空格,否则失效


等号也是操作符,必须和其他变量,关键字,用空格格开 (等号做赋值号时正好相反,两边不能有空格)

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:"

read var

if [ $var="yes" ]

then

echo $var

echo "input is correct"

else

echo $var

echo "input error"

fi
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:"

read var

if [ $var = "yes" ] 在等号两边加空格

then

echo $var

echo "input is correct"

else

echo $var

echo "input error"

fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh

input your choice:

y

y

input is correct

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh

input your choice:

n

n

input is correct

输错了也走then,都走then,为什么?

因为if把$var="yes"连读成一个变量,而此变量为空,返回1,则走else
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh

input your choice:

y

y

input error

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh

input your choice:

no

no

input error

一切正常
If [ $ANS ] 等价于 if
[ -n $ANS ]


如果字符串变量非空(then)
, 空(else)

echo "input your choice:"

read ANS

if [ $ANS ]

then

echo no empty

else

echo empth

fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh

input your choice: 回车

empth 说明“回车”就是空串

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh

input your choice:

34

no empty
整数条件表达式,大于,小于,shell里没有>
和< ,会被当作尖括号,只有-ge,-gt,-le,lt


[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input a:"

read a

if [ $a -ge 100 ] ; then

echo 3bit

else

echo 2bit

fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh

input a:

123

3bit

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh

input a:

20

2bit
整数操作符号-ge,-gt,-le,-lt,
别忘了加-


if test $a ge 100 ; then

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh

test.sh: line 4: test: ge: binary operator expected
if test $a -ge 100 ; then

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh

input a:

123

3bit
============================逻辑表达式=========================================

逻辑非 ! 条件表达式的相反

if [ ! 表达式 ]

if [ ! -d $num ] 如果不存在目录$num

逻辑与 –a 条件表达式的并列

if [ 表达式1 –a 表达式2
]

逻辑或
-o
条件表达式的或

if [ 表达式1 –o
表达式2 ]



逻辑表达式


表达式与前面的= != -d –f –x -ne -eq -lt等合用

逻辑符号就正常的接其他表达式,没有任何括号( ),就是并列

if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]

注意逻辑与-a与逻辑或-o很容易和其他字符串或文件的运算符号搞混了

最常见的赋值形式,赋值前对=两边的变量都进行评测

左边测变量是否为空,右边测目录(值)是否存在(值是否有效)

[macg@mac-home ~]$ vi test.sh

:

echo "input the num:"

read num

echo "input is $num"

if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ] 如果变量$JHHOME为空,且$HOME/$num目录存在

then

JHHOME=$HOME/$num 则赋值

fi

echo "JHHOME is $JHHOME"
-----------------------

[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh

input the num:

ppp

input is ppp

JHHOME is

目录-d $HOME/$num 不存在,所以$JHHOME没被then赋值
[macg@mac-home ~]$ mkdir ppp

[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh

input the num:

ppp

input is ppp

JHHOME is /home/macg/ppp
一个-o的例子,其中却揭示了”=”必须两边留空格的问题

echo "input your choice:"

read ANS

if [ $ANS="Yes" -o $ANS="yes" -o $ANS="y" -o $ANS="Y" ]

then

ANS="y"

else

ANS="n"

fi

echo $ANS
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh

input your choice:

n

y

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh

input your choice:

no

y

为什么输入不是yes,结果仍是y(走then)

因为=被连读了,成了变量$ANS="Yes",而变量又为空,所以走else了
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:"

read ANS echo "input your choice:"

read ANS

if [ $ANS = "Yes" -o $ANS = "yes" -o $ANS = "y" -o $ANS = "Y" ]

then

ANS="y"

else

ANS="n"

fi

echo $ANS
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh

input your choice:

no

n

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh

input your choice:

yes

y

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh

input your choice:

y

y
===================以 test
条件表达式 作为if条件===================================

if
test $num -eq 0 等价于 if [ $num –eq 0 ]


test 表达式,没有
[ ]


if test $num -eq 0

then

echo "try again"

else

echo "good"

fi

man test

[macg@machome ~]$ man test

[(1) User Commands [(1)

SYNOPSIS

test EXPRESSION

[ EXPRESSION ]

[-n] STRING

the length of STRING is nonzero -n和直接$str都是非0条件

-z STRING

the length of STRING is zero

STRING1 = STRING2

the strings are equal

STRING1 != STRING2

the strings are not equal

INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2

INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2

INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2

INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2

INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2

INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2

INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2

INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2

INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2

INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2

INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2

INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2

FILE1 -nt FILE2

FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2

FILE1 -ot FILE2

FILE1 is older than FILE2

-b FILE

FILE exists and is block special

-c FILE

FILE exists and is character special

-d FILE

FILE exists and is a directory

-e FILE

FILE exists 文件存在

-f FILE

FILE exists and is a regular file 文件存在且是普通文件

-h FILE

FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L)

-L FILE

FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h)

-G FILE

FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID

-O FILE

FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID

-p FILE

FILE exists and is a named pipe

-s FILE

FILE exists and has a size greater than zero

-S FILE

FILE exists and is a socket

-w FILE

FILE exists and is writable

-x FILE

FILE exists and is executable

======================if简化语句=================================

最常用的简化if语句

&& 如果是“前面”,则“后面”

[ -f /var/run/dhcpd.pid ] && rm /var/run/dhcpd.pid 检查 文件是否存在,如果存在就删掉
|| 如果不是“前面”,则后面

[ -f /usr/sbin/dhcpd ] || exit 0 检验文件是否存在,如果存在就退出
用简化
if 和$1,$2,$3来检测参数,不合理就调用help


[ -z "$1" ] && help 如果第一个参数不存在(-z 字符串长度为0


[ "$1" = "-h" ] && help 如果第一个参数是-h,就显示help

例子

#!/bin/sh

[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

cp ifcfg-eth0.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1

cp ifcfg-eth1.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1

[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1

转至:http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_6151984a0100ekl6.html
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