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mysql in 子查询 效率慢 优化(转)

2015-03-06 12:37 706 查看
现在的CMS系统、博客系统、BBS等都喜欢使用标签tag作交叉链接,因此我也尝鲜用了下。但用了后发现我想查询某个tag的文章列表时速度很慢,达到5秒之久!百思不解(后来终于解决),我的表结构是下面这样的,文章只有690篇。
文章表article(id,title,content)

标签表tag(tid,tag_name)

标签文章中间表article_tag(id,tag_id,article_id)

其中有个标签的tid是135,我帮查询标签tid是135的文章列表

用以下语句时发现速度好慢,我文章才690篇

select id,title from article where id in(

select article_id from article_tag where tag_id=135

)

其中这条速度很快:select article_id from article_tag where tag_id=135

查询结果是五篇文章,id为428,429,430,431,432

我用写死的方式用下面sql来查文章也很快

select id,title from article where id in(

428,429,430,431,432

)

我在SqlServer中好像不会这样慢,不知MySQL怎样写好点,也想不出慢在哪里。
后来我找到了解决方法:
select id,title from article where id in(
select article_id from (select article_id from article_tag where tag_id=135) as tbt
)
 
 
其它解决方法:(举例)

mysql> select * from abc_number_prop where number_id in (select number_id from abc_number_phone where phone = '82306839');
为了节省篇幅,省略了输出内容,下同。
67 rows in set (12.00 sec)

只有67行数据返回,却花了12秒,而系统中可能同时会有很多这样的查询,系统肯定扛不住。用desc看一下(注:explain也可)

mysql> desc select * from abc_number_prop where number_id in (select number_id from abc_number_phone where phone = '82306839');

+----+--------------------+------------------+--------+-----------------+-------+---------+------------+---------+--------------------------+

| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |

+----+--------------------+------------------+--------+-----------------+-------+---------+------------+---------+--------------------------+

| 1 | PRIMARY | abc_number_prop | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 2679838 | Using where |

| 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | abc_number_phone | eq_ref | phone,number_id | phone | 70 | const,func | 1 | Using where; Using index |

+----+--------------------+------------------+--------+-----------------+-------+---------+------------+---------+--------------------------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

从上面的信息可以看出,在执行此查询时会扫描两百多万行,难道是没有创建索引吗,看一下

mysql>show index from abc_number_phone;

+------------------+------------+-------------+--------------+-----------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+

| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |

+------------------+------------+-------------+--------------+-----------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+

| abc_number_phone | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | number_phone_id | A | 36879 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |

| abc_number_phone | 0 | phone | 1 | phone | A | 36879 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |

| abc_number_phone | 0 | phone | 2 | number_id | A | 36879 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| abc_number_phone | 1 | number_id | 1 | number_id | A | 36879 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |

| abc_number_phone | 1 | created_by | 1 | created_by | A | 36879 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |

| abc_number_phone | 1 | modified_by | 1 | modified_by | A | 36879 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | |

+------------------+------------+-------------+--------------+-----------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+

6 rows in set (0.06 sec)

mysql>show index from abc_number_prop;

+-----------------+------------+-------------+--------------+----------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+

| Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |

+-----------------+------------+-------------+--------------+----------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+

| abc_number_prop | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | number_prop_id | A | 311268 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |
| abc_number_prop | 1 | number_id | 1 | number_id | A | 311268 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |

| abc_number_prop | 1 | created_by | 1 | created_by | A | 311268 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | |

| abc_number_prop | 1 | modified_by | 1 | modified_by | A | 311268 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | |

+-----------------+------------+-------------+--------------+----------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+

4 rows in set (0.15 sec)

从上面的输出可以看出,这两张表在number_id字段上创建了索引的。

看看子查询本身有没有问题。
mysql> desc select number_id from abc_number_phone where phone = '82306839';

+----+-------------+------------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+

| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |

+----+-------------+------------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+

| 1 | SIMPLE | abc_number_phone | ref | phone | phone | 66 | const | 6 | Using where; Using index |

+----+-------------+------------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

没有问题,只需要扫描几行数据,索引起作用了。查询出来看看
mysql> select number_id from abc_number_phone where phone = '82306839';

+-----------+

| number_id |

+-----------+

| 8585 |

| 10720 |

| 148644 |

| 151307 |

| 170691 |

| 221897 |

+-----------+

6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

直接把子查询得到的数据放到上面的查询中
mysql> select * from abc_number_prop where number_id in (8585, 10720, 148644, 151307, 170691, 221897);
67 rows in set (0.03 sec)

速度也快,看来MySQL在处理子查询的时候是不够好。我在MySQL 5.1.42 和 MySQL 5.5.19 都进行了尝试,都有这个问题。

搜索了一下网络,发现很多人都遇到过这个问题:
参考资料1:使用连接(JOIN)来代替子查询(Sub-Queries) mysql优化系列记录
http://blog.csdn.net/hongsejiaozhu/article/details/1876181
参考资料2:网站开发日记(14)-MYSQL子查询和嵌套查询优化
http://dodomail.iteye.com/blog/250199 根据网上这些资料的建议,改用join来试试。
修改前:select * from abc_number_prop where number_id in (select number_id from abc_number_phone where phone = '82306839');
修改后:select a.* from abc_number_prop a inner join abc_number_phone b on a.number_id = b.number_id where phone = '82306839';

mysql> select a.* from abc_number_prop a inner join abc_number_phone b on a.number_id = b.number_id where phone = '82306839';
67 rows in set (0.00 sec)

效果不错,查询所用时间几乎为0。看一下MySQL是怎么执行这个查询的

mysql>desc select a.* from abc_number_prop a inner join abc_number_phone b on a.number_id = b.number_id where phone = '82306839';

+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+-----------+---------+-----------------+------+--------------------------+

| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |

+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+-----------+---------+-----------------+------+--------------------------+

| 1 | SIMPLE | b | ref | phone,number_id | phone | 66 | const | 6 | Using where; Using index |

| 1 | SIMPLE | a | ref | number_id | number_id | 4 | eap.b.number_id | | |

+----+-------------+-------+------+-----------------+-----------+---------+-----------------+------+--------------------------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

小结:当子查询速度慢时,可用JOIN来改写一下该查询来进行优化。

网上也有文章说,使用JOIN语句的查询不一定总比使用子查询的语句快。
参考资料3:改变了对Mysql子查询的看法
http://hi.baidu.com/yzx110/blog/item/e694f536f92075360b55a92b.html

 
 

mysql手册也提到过,具体的原文在mysql文档的这个章节:
I.3. Restrictions on Subqueries
13.2.8. Subquery Syntax
摘抄:
1)关于使用IN的子查询:
Subquery optimization for IN is not as effective as for the = operator or for IN(value_list) constructs.
A typical case for poor IN subquery performance is when the subquery returns a small number of rows but the outer query returns a large number of rows to be compared to the subquery result.
The problem is that, for a statement that uses an IN subquery, the optimizer rewrites it as a correlated subquery. Consider the following statement that uses an uncorrelated subquery:
SELECT ... FROM t1 WHERE t1.a IN (SELECT b FROM t2);

The optimizer rewrites the statement to a correlated subquery:
SELECT ... FROM t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM t2 WHERE t2.b = t1.a);

If the inner and outer queries return M and N rows, respectively, the execution time becomes on the order of O(M×N), rather than O(M+N) as it would be for an
uncorrelated subquery.
An implication is that an IN subquery can be much slower than a query written using an IN(value_list) construct that lists the same values that the subquery would return.
2)关于把子查询转换成join的:
The optimizer is more mature for joins than for subqueries, so in many cases a statement that uses a subquery can be executed more efficiently if you rewrite it as a join.
An exception occurs for the case where an IN subquery can be rewritten as a SELECT DISTINCT join. Example:
SELECT col FROM t1 WHERE id_col IN (SELECT id_col2 FROM t2 WHERE condition);

That statement can be rewritten as follows:
SELECT DISTINCT col FROM t1, t2 WHERE t1.id_col = t2.id_col AND condition;

But in this case, the join requires an extra DISTINCT operation and is not more efficient than the subquery

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