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Object-C 入门教程<转>

2014-10-09 14:36 274 查看
大纲

开始吧

下载这篇教学
设定环境
前言
编译 hello world

创建 Classes

@interface
@implementation
把它们凑在一起

详细说明...

多重参数
建构子(Constructors)
访问权限
Class level access
异常情况(Exceptions)处理

继承、多型(Inheritance, Polymorphism)以及其他面向对象功能

id 型别
继承(Inheritance)
动态识别(Dynamic types)
Categories
Posing
Protocols

内存管理

Retain and Release(保留与释放)
Dealloc
Autorelease Pool

Foundation Framework Classes

NSArray
NSDictionary

优点与缺点
更多信息

开始吧

下载这篇教学

所有这篇初学者指南的原始码都可以由 objc.tar.gz 下载。这篇教学中的许多范例都是由 Steve Kochan 在 Programming
in Objective-C. 一书中撰写。如果你想得到更多详细信息及范例,请直接参考该书。这个网站上登载的所有范例皆经过他的允许,所以请勿复制转载。

设定环境

Linux/FreeBSD: 安装 GNUStep

为了编译 GNUstep 应用程序,必须先执行位于/usr/GNUstep/System/Makefiles/GNUstep.sh 的 GNUstep.sh 这个档案。这个路径取决于你的系统环境,有些是在 /usr, some /usr/lib,有些是/usr/local。如果你的 shell 是以 csh/tcsh 为基础的 shell,则应该改用GNUStep.csh。建议把这个指令放在 .bashrc 或 .cshrc 中。

Mac OS X: 安装 XCode
Windows NT 5.X: 安装 cygwinmingw,然后安装 GNUStep

前言

这篇教学假设你已经有一些基本的 C 语言知识,包括 C 数据型别、什么是函式、什么是回传值、关于指针的知识以及基本的 C 语言内存管理。如果您没有这些背景知识,我非常建议你读一读 K&R 的书:The
C Programming Language(译注:台湾出版书名为 C 程序语言第二版)这是 C 语言的设计者所写的书。
Objective-C,是 C 的衍生语言,继承了所有 C 语言的特性。是有一些例外,但是它们不是继承于 C 的语言特性本身。
nil:在 C/C++ 你或许曾使用过 NULL,而在 Objective-C 中则是 nil。不同之处是你可以传递讯息给 nil(例如 [nil message];),这是完全合法的,然而你却不能对 NULL 如法炮制。
BOOL:C 没有正式的布尔型别,而在 Objective-C 中也不是「真的」有。它是包含在 Foundation classes(基本类别库)中(即 import NSObject.h;nil 也是包括在这个头文件内)。BOOL 在 Objective-C 中有两种型态:YES 或 NO,而不是TRUE 或 FALSE。
#import vs #include:就如同你在 hello world 范例中看到的,我们使用了#import。#import 由 gcc 编译程序支援。我并不建议使用 #include,#import 基本上跟 .h 档头尾的 #ifndef
#define #endif 相同。许多程序员们都同意,使用这些东西这是十分愚蠢的。无论如何,使用 #import 就对了。这样不但可以避免麻烦,而且万一有一天 gcc 把它拿掉了,将会有足够的 Objective-C 程序员可以坚持保留它或是将它放回来。偷偷告诉你,Apple 在它们官方的程序代码中也使用了#import。所以万一有一天这种事真的发生,不难预料 Apple 将会提供一个支持#import 的 gcc 分支版本。
在 Objective-C 中, method 及 message 这两个字是可以互换的。不过 messages拥有特别的特性,一个 message 可以动态的转送给另一个对象。在 Objective-C中,呼叫对象上的一个讯息并不一定表示对象真的会实作这个讯息,而是对象知道如何以某种方式去实作它,或是转送给知道如何实作的对象。

编译 hello world

hello.m

§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ printf( "hello world/n" );
§ return 0;
}





输出

hello world





在 Objective-C 中使用 #import 代替 #include
Objective-C 的预设扩展名是 .m

创建 classes

@interface

基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing 一书中的范例,并经过允许而刊载。
Fraction.h

§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Fraction: NSObject {
§ int numerator;
§ int denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d;
§ -(int) numerator;
§ -(int) denominator;
§ @end





NSObject:NeXTStep Object 的缩写。因为它已经改名为 OpenStep,所以这在今天已经不是那么有意义了。
继承(inheritance)以 Class: Parent 表示,就像上面的 Fraction: NSObject。
夹在 @interface Class: Parent { .... } 中的称为 instance variables。
没有设定访问权限(protected, public, private)时,预设的访问权限为protected。设定权限的方式将在稍后说明。
Instance methods 跟在成员变数(即 instance variables)后。格式为:scope (returnType) methodName: (parameter1Type) parameter1Name;

scope 有class 或 instance 两种。instance methods 以 - 开头,class level methods 以 + 开头。

Interface 以一个 @end 作为结束。

@implementation

基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing 一书中的范例,并经过允许而刊载。
Fraction.m

§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Fraction
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%i/%i", numerator, denominator );
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n {
§ numerator = n;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d {
§ denominator = d;
§ }
§
§ -(int) denominator {
§ return denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(int) numerator {
§ return numerator;
§ }
@end





Implementation 以 @implementation ClassName 开始,以 @end 结束。
Implement 定义好的 methods 的方式,跟在 interface 中宣告时很近似。

把它们凑在一起

基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing 一书中的范例,并经过允许而刊载。
main.m

§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new instance
§ Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§
§ // set the values
§ [frac setNumerator: 1];
§ [frac setDenominator: 3];
§
§ // print it
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [frac print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac release];
§
§ return 0;
}





output

The fraction is: 1/3





Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] init];

这行程序代码中有很多重要的东西。
在 Objective-C 中呼叫 methods 的方法是 [object method],就像 C++ 的object->method()。
Objective-C 没有 value 型别。所以没有像 C++ 的 Fraction frac; frac.print(); 这类的东西。在 Objective-C 中完全使用指针来处理对象。
这行程序代码实际上做了两件事: [Fraction alloc] 呼叫了 Fraction class 的 alloc method。这就像 malloc 内存,这个动作也做了一样的事情。
[object init] 是一个建构子(constructor)呼叫,负责初始化对象中的所有变量。它呼叫了 [Fraction alloc] 传回的 instance 上的 init method。这个动作非常普遍,所以通常以一行程序完成:Object
*var = [[Object alloc] init];

[frac setNumerator: 1] 非常简单。它呼叫了 frac 上的 setNumerator method并传入 1 为参数。
如同每个 C 的变体,Objective-C 也有一个用以释放内存的方式: release。它继承自 NSObject,这个 method 在之后会有详尽的解说。

详细说明...

多重参数

目前为止我还没展示如何传递多个参数。这个语法乍看之下不是很直觉,不过它却是来自一个十分受欢迎的 Smalltalk 版本。
基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过允许而刊载。
Fraction.h

§ ...
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d;
...





Fraction.m

§ ...
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d {
§ numerator = n;
§ denominator = d;
§ }
...





main.m

§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new instance
§ Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac2 = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§
§ // set the values
§ [frac setNumerator: 1];
§ [frac setDenominator: 3];
§
§ // combined set
§ [frac2 setNumerator: 1 andDenominator: 5];
§
§ // print it
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [frac print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // print it
§ printf( "Fraction 2 is: " );
§ [frac2 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac release];
§ [frac2 release];
§
§ return 0;
}





output

§ The fraction is: 1/3
Fraction 2 is: 1/5





这个 method 实际上叫做 setNumerator:andDenominator:
加入其他参数的方法就跟加入第二个时一样,即 method:label1:label2:label3:,而呼叫的方法是 [obj method: param1 label1: param2 label2: param3 label3: param4]
Labels 是非必要的,所以可以有一个像这样的 method:method:::,简单的省略label 名称,但以 : 区隔参数。并不建议这样使用。

建构子(Constructors)

基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过允许而刊载。
Fraction.h

§ ...
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d;
...





Fraction.m

§ ...
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setNumerator: n andDenominator: d];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
...





main.m

§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new instance
§ Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac2 = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac3 = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 3 denominator: 10];
§
§ // set the values
§ [frac setNumerator: 1];
§ [frac setDenominator: 3];
§
§ // combined set
§ [frac2 setNumerator: 1 andDenominator: 5];
§
§ // print it
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [frac print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ printf( "Fraction 2 is: " );
§ [frac2 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ printf( "Fraction 3 is: " );
§ [frac3 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac release];
§ [frac2 release];
§ [frac3 release];
§
§ return 0;
}





output

§ The fraction is: 1/3
§ Fraction 2 is: 1/5
Fraction 3 is: 3/10





@interface 里的宣告就如同正常的函式。
@implementation 使用了一个新的关键词:super

如同 Java,Objective-C 只有一个 parent class(父类别)。
使用 [super init] 来存取 Super constructor,这个动作需要适当的继承设计。
你将这个动作回传的 instance 指派给另一新个关键词:self。Self 很像C++ 与 Java 的 this 指标。

if ( self ) 跟 ( self != nil ) 一样,是为了确定 super constructor 成功传回了一个新对象。nil 是 Objective-C 用来表达 C/C++ 中 NULL 的方式,可以引入 NSObject 来取得。
当你初始化变量以后,你用传回 self 的方式来传回自己的地址。
预设的建构子是 -(id) init。
技术上来说,Objective-C 中的建构子就是一个 "init" method,而不像 C++ 与Java 有特殊的结构。

访问权限

预设的权限是 @protected
Java 实作的方式是在 methods 与变量前面加上 public/private/protected 修饰语,而 Objective-C 的作法则更像 C++ 对于 instance variable(译注:C++ 术语一般称为 data members)的方式。
Access.h

§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Access: NSObject {
§ @public
§ int publicVar;
§ @private
§ int privateVar;
§ int privateVar2;
§ @protected
§ int protectedVar;
§ }
@end





Access.m

§ #import "Access.h"
§
§ @implementation Access
@end





main.m

§ #import "Access.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Access *a = [[Access alloc] init];
§
§ // works
§ a->publicVar = 5;
§ printf( "public var: %i/n", a->publicVar );
§
§ // doesn't compile
§ //a->privateVar = 10;
§ //printf( "private var: %i/n", a->privateVar );
§
§ [a release];
§ return 0;
}





output

public var: 5





如同你所看到的,就像 C++ 中 private: [list of vars] public: [list of vars] 的格式,它只是改成了@private, @protected, 等等。

Class level access

当你想计算一个对象被 instance 几次时,通常有 class level variables 以及class level functions 是件方便的事。
ClassA.h

§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ static int count;
§
§ @interface ClassA: NSObject
§ +(int) initCount;
§ +(void) initialize;
@end





ClassA.m

§ #import "ClassA.h"
§
§ @implementation ClassA
§ -(id) init {
§ self = [super init];
§ count++;
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ +(int) initCount {
§ return count;
§ }
§
§ +(void) initialize {
§ count = 0;
§ }
@end





main.m

§ #import "ClassA.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ ClassA *c1 = [[ClassA alloc] init];
§ ClassA *c2 = [[ClassA alloc] init];
§
§ // print count
§ printf( "ClassA count: %i/n", [ClassA initCount] );
§
§ ClassA *c3 = [[ClassA alloc] init];
§
§ // print count again
§ printf( "ClassA count: %i/n", [ClassA initCount] );
§
§ [c1 release];
§ [c2 release];
§ [c3 release];
§
§ return 0;
}





output

§ ClassA count: 2
ClassA count: 3





static int count = 0; 这是 class variable 宣告的方式。其实这种变量摆在这里并不理想,比较好的解法是像 Java 实作 static class variables 的方法。然而,它确实能用。
+(int) initCount; 这是回传 count 值的实际 method。请注意这细微的差别!这里在 type 前面不用减号 - 而改用加号 +。加号 + 表示这是一个 class level function。(译注:许多文件中,class level functions 被称为 class functions 或 class method)
存取这个变数跟存取一般成员变数没有两样,就像 ClassA 中的 count++ 用法。
+(void) initialize method is 在 Objective-C 开始执行你的程序时被呼叫,而且它也被每个 class 呼叫。这是初始化像我们的 count 这类 class level variables 的好地方。

异常情况(Exceptions)

注意:异常处理只有 Mac OS X 10.3 以上才支持。
基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过允许而刊载。
CupWarningException.h

§ #import <Foundation/NSException.h>
§
§ @interface CupWarningException: NSException
@end





CupWarningException.m

§ #import "CupWarningException.h"
§
§ @implementation CupWarningException
@end





CupOverflowException.h

§ #import <Foundation/NSException.h>
§
§ @interface CupOverflowException: NSException
@end





CupOverflowException.m

§ #import "CupOverflowException.h"
§
§ @implementation CupOverflowException
@end





Cup.h

§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Cup: NSObject {
§ int level;
§ }
§
§ -(int) level;
§ -(void) setLevel: (int) l;
§ -(void) fill;
§ -(void) empty;
§ -(void) print;
@end





Cup.m

§ #import "Cup.h"
§ #import "CupOverflowException.h"
§ #import "CupWarningException.h"
§ #import <Foundation/NSException.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§
§ @implementation Cup
§ -(id) init {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setLevel: 0];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(int) level {
§ return level;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setLevel: (int) l {
§ level = l;
§
§ if ( level > 100 ) {
§ // throw overflow
§ NSException *e = [CupOverflowException
§ exceptionWithName: @"CupOverflowException"
§ reason: @"The level is above 100"
§ userInfo: nil];
§ @throw e;
§ } else if ( level >= 50 ) {
§ // throw warning
§ NSException *e = [CupWarningException
§ exceptionWithName: @"CupWarningException"
§ reason: @"The level is above or at 50"
§ userInfo: nil];
§ @throw e;
§ } else if ( level < 0 ) {
§ // throw exception
§ NSException *e = [NSException
§ exceptionWithName: @"CupUnderflowException"
§ reason: @"The level is below 0"
§ userInfo: nil];
§ @throw e;
§ }
§ }
§
§ -(void) fill {
§ [self setLevel: level + 10];
§ }
§
§ -(void) empty {
§ [self setLevel: level - 10];
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "Cup level is: %i/n", level );
§ }
@end





main.m

§ #import "Cup.h"
§ #import "CupOverflowException.h"
§ #import "CupWarningException.h"
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSException.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSAutoreleasePool.h>
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
§ Cup *cup = [[Cup alloc] init];
§ int i;
§
§ // this will work
§ for ( i = 0; i < 4; i++ ) {
§ [cup fill];
§ [cup print];
§ }
§
§ // this will throw exceptions
§ for ( i = 0; i < 7; i++ ) {
§ @try {
§ [cup fill];
§ } @catch ( CupWarningException *e ) {
§ printf( "%s: ", [[e name] cString] );
§ } @catch ( CupOverflowException *e ) {
§ printf( "%s: ", [[e name] cString] );
§ } @finally {
§ [cup print];
§ }
§ }
§
§ // throw a generic exception
§ @try {
§ [cup setLevel: -1];
§ } @catch ( NSException *e ) {
§ printf( "%s: %s/n", [[e name] cString], [[e reason] cString] );
§ }
§
§ // free memory
§ [cup release];
§ [pool release];
}





output

§ Cup level is: 10
§ Cup level is: 20
§ Cup level is: 30
§ Cup level is: 40
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 50
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 60
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 70
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 80
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 90
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 100
§ CupOverflowException: Cup level is: 110
CupUnderflowException: The level is below 0





NSAutoreleasePool 是一个内存管理类别。现在先别管它是干嘛的。
Exceptions(异常情况)的丢出不需要扩充(extend)NSException 对象,你可简单的用 id 来代表它: @catch ( id e ) { ... }
还有一个 finally 区块,它的行为就像 Java 的异常处理方式,finally 区块的内容保证会被呼叫。
Cup.m 里的 @"CupOverflowException" 是一个 NSString 常数物件。在Objective-C 中,@ 符号通常用来代表这是语言的衍生部分。C 语言形式的字符串(C string)就像 C/C++ 一样是 "String constant" 的形式,型别为 char *。

继承、多型(Inheritance, Polymorphism)以及其他面向对象功能

id 型别

Objective-C 有种叫做 id 的型别,它的运作有时候像是 void*,不过它却严格规定只能用在对象。Objective-C 与 Java 跟 C++ 不一样,你在呼叫一个对象的method 时,并不需要知道这个对象的型别。当然这个 method 一定要存在,这称为Objective-C 的讯息传递。
基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过允许而刊载。
Fraction.h

§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Fraction: NSObject {
§ int numerator;
§ int denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d;
§ -(void) print;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d;
§ -(int) numerator;
§ -(int) denominator;
@end





Fraction.m

§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Fraction
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setNumerator: n andDenominator: d];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%i / %i", numerator, denominator );
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n {
§ numerator = n;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d {
§ denominator = d;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d {
§ numerator = n;
§ denominator = d;
§ }
§
§ -(int) denominator {
§ return denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(int) numerator {
§ return numerator;
§ }
@end





Complex.h

§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Complex: NSObject {
§ double real;
§ double imaginary;
§ }
§
§ -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r;
§ -(void) setImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(double) real;
§ -(double) imaginary;
§ -(void) print;
§
@end





Complex.m

§ #import "Complex.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Complex
§ -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setReal: r andImaginary: i];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r {
§ real = r;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setImaginary: (double) i {
§ imaginary = i;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i {
§ real = r;
§ imaginary = i;
§ }
§
§ -(double) real {
§ return real;
§ }
§
§ -(double) imaginary {
§ return imaginary;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%_f + %_fi", real, imaginary );
§ }
§
@end





main.m

§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import "Complex.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new instance
§ Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 1 denominator: 10];
§ Complex *comp = [[Complex alloc] initWithReal: 10 andImaginary: 15];
§ id number;
§
§ // print fraction
§ number = frac;
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [number print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // print complex
§ number = comp;
§ printf( "The complex number is: " );
§ [number print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac release];
§ [comp release];
§
§ return 0;
}





output

§ The fraction is: 1 / 10
The complex number is: 10.000000 + 15.000000i





这种动态链接有显而易见的好处。你不需要知道你呼叫 method 的那个东西是什么型别,如果这个对象对这个讯息有反应,那就会唤起这个 method。这也不会牵涉到一堆繁琐的转型动作,比如在 Java 里呼叫一个整数对象的 .intValue() 就得先转型,然后才能呼叫这个 method。

继承(Inheritance)

基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过允许而刊载。
Rectangle.h

§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Rectangle: NSObject {
§ int width;
§ int height;
§ }
§
§ -(Rectangle*) initWithWidth: (int) w height: (int) h;
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w;
§ -(void) setHeight: (int) h;
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w height: (int) h;
§ -(int) width;
§ -(int) height;
§ -(void) print;
@end





Rectangle.m

§ #import "Rectangle.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Rectangle
§ -(Rectangle*) initWithWidth: (int) w height: (int) h {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setWidth: w height: h];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w {
§ width = w;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setHeight: (int) h {
§ height = h;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w height: (int) h {
§ width = w;
§ height = h;
§ }
§
§ -(int) width {
§ return width;
§ }
§
§ -(int) height {
§ return height;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "width = %i, height = %i", width, height );
§ }
@end





Square.h

§ #import "Rectangle.h"
§
§ @interface Square: Rectangle
§ -(Square*) initWithSize: (int) s;
§ -(void) setSize: (int) s;
§ -(int) size;
@end





Square.m

§ #import "Square.h"
§
§ @implementation Square
§ -(Square*) initWithSize: (int) s {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setSize: s];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setSize: (int) s {
§ width = s;
§ height = s;
§ }
§
§ -(int) size {
§ return width;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w {
§ [self setSize: w];
§ }
§
§ -(void) setHeight: (int) h {
§ [self setSize: h];
§ }
@end





main.m

§ #import "Square.h"
§ #import "Rectangle.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Rectangle *rec = [[Rectangle alloc] initWithWidth: 10 height: 20];
§ Square *sq = [[Square alloc] initWithSize: 15];
§
§ // print em
§ printf( "Rectangle: " );
§ [rec print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ printf( "Square: " );
§ [sq print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // update square
§ [sq setWidth: 20];
§ printf( "Square after change: " );
§ [sq print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [rec release];
§ [sq release];
§
§ return 0;
}





output

§ Rectangle: width = 10, height = 20
§ Square: width = 15, height = 15
Square after change: width = 20, height = 20





继承在 Objective-C 里比较像 Java。当你扩充你的 super class(所以只能有一个 parent),你想自定义这个 super class 的 method,只要简单的在你的 child class implementation 里放上新的实作内容即可。而不需要 C++ 里呆呆的virtual table。
这里还有一个值得玩味的地方,如果你企图像这样去呼叫 rectangle 的constructor: Square *sq = [[Square alloc] initWithWidth: 10 height: 15],会发生什么事?答案是会产生一个编译程序错误。因为 rectangle constructor 回传的型别是 Rectangle*,而不是 Square*,所以这行不通。在某种情况下如果你真想这样用,使用 id 型别会是很好的选择。如果你想使用 parent的 constructor,只要把 Rectangle* 回传型别改成 id 即可。

动态识别(Dynamic types)

这里有一些用于 Objective-C 动态识别的 methods(说明部分采中英并列,因为我觉得英文比较传神,中文怎么译都怪):

-(BOOL) isKindOfClass: classObj
is object a descendent or member of classObj

此对象是否是 classObj 的子孙或一员
-(BOOL) isMemberOfClass: classObj
is object a member of classObj

此对象是否是 classObj 的一员
-(BOOL) respondsToSelector: selector
does the object have a method named specifiec by the selector

此对象是否有叫做 selector的 method
+(BOOL) instancesRespondToSelector: selector
does an object created by this class have the ability to respond to the specified selector

此对象是否是由有能力响应指定 selector 的对象所产生
-(id) performSelector: selector
invoke the specified selector on the object

唤起此对象的指定 selector
所有继承自 NSObject 都有一个可回传一个 class 物件的 class method。这非常近似于 Java 的 getClass() method。这个 class 对象被使用于前述的 methods中。
Selectors 在 Objective-C 用以表示讯息。下一个范例会秀出建立 selector 的语法。
基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过允许而刊载。
main.m

§ #import "Square.h"
§ #import "Rectangle.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Rectangle *rec = [[Rectangle alloc] initWithWidth: 10 height: 20];
§ Square *sq = [[Square alloc] initWithSize: 15];
§
§ // isMemberOfClass
§
§ // true
§ if ( [sq isMemberOfClass: [Square class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a member of square class/n" );
§ }
§
§ // false
§ if ( [sq isMemberOfClass: [Rectangle class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a member of rectangle class/n" );
§ }
§
§ // false
§ if ( [sq isMemberOfClass: [NSObject class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a member of object class/n" );
§ }
§
§ // isKindOfClass
§
§ // true
§ if ( [sq isKindOfClass: [Square class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a kind of square class/n" );
§ }
§
§ // true
§ if ( [sq isKindOfClass: [Rectangle class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a kind of rectangle class/n" );
§ }
§
§ // true
§ if ( [sq isKindOfClass: [NSObject class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a kind of object class/n" );
§ }
§
§ // respondsToSelector
§
§ // true
§ if ( [sq respondsToSelector: @selector( setSize: )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square responds to setSize: method/n" );
§ }
§
§ // false
§ if ( [sq respondsToSelector: @selector( nonExistant )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square responds to nonExistant method/n" );
§ }
§
§ // true
§ if ( [Square respondsToSelector: @selector( alloc )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square class responds to alloc method/n" );
§ }
§
§ // instancesRespondToSelector
§
§ // false
§ if ( [Rectangle instancesRespondToSelector: @selector( setSize: )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "rectangle instance responds to setSize: method/n" );
§ }
§
§ // true
§ if ( [Square instancesRespondToSelector: @selector( setSize: )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square instance responds to setSize: method/n" );
§ }
§
§ // free memory
§ [rec release];
§ [sq release];
§
§ return 0;
}





output

§ square is a member of square class
§ square is a kind of square class
§ square is a kind of rectangle class
§ square is a kind of object class
§ square responds to setSize: method
§ square class responds to alloc method
square instance responds to setSize: method



Categories

当你想要为某个 class 新增 methods,你通常会扩充(extend,即继承)它。然而这不一定是个完美解法,特别是你想要重写一个 class 的某个功能,但你却没有原始码时。Categories 允许你在现有的 class 加入新功能,但不需要扩充它。Ruby语言也有类似的功能。
基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过允许而刊载。
FractionMath.h

§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ @interface Fraction (Math)
§ -(Fraction*) add: (Fraction*) f;
§ -(Fraction*) mul: (Fraction*) f;
§ -(Fraction*) div: (Fraction*) f;
§ -(Fraction*) sub: (Fraction*) f;
@end





FractionMath.m

§ #import "FractionMath.h"
§
§ @implementation Fraction (Math)
§ -(Fraction*) add: (Fraction*) f {
§ return [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: numerator * [f denominator] +
§ denominator * [f numerator]
§ denominator: denominator * [f denominator]];
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) mul: (Fraction*) f {
§ return [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: numerator * [f numerator]
§ denominator: denominator * [f denominator]];
§
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) div: (Fraction*) f {
§ return [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: numerator * [f denominator]
§ denominator: denominator * [f numerator]];
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) sub: (Fraction*) f {
§ return [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: numerator * [f denominator] -
§ denominator * [f numerator]
§ denominator: denominator * [f denominator]];
§ }
@end





main.m

§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import "FractionMath.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new instance
§ Fraction *frac1 = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 1 denominator: 3];
§ Fraction *frac2 = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 2 denominator: 5];
§ Fraction *frac3 = [frac1 mul: frac2];
§
§ // print it
§ [frac1 print];
§ printf( " * " );
§ [frac2 print];
§ printf( " = " );
§ [frac3 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac1 release];
§ [frac2 release];
§ [frac3 release];
§
§ return 0;
}





output

1/3 * 2/5 = 2/15





重点是 @implementation 跟 @interface 这两行:@interface Fraction (Math)以及 @implementation Fraction (Math).
(同一个 class)只能有一个同名的 category,其他的 categories 得加上不同的、独一无二的名字。
Categories 在建立 private methods 时十分有用。因为 Objective-C 并没有像Java 这种 private/protected/public methods 的概念,所以必须要使用categories 来达成这种功能。作法是把 private method 从你的 class header (.h) 档案移到 implementation (.m) 档案。以下是此种作法一个简短的范例。
MyClass.h

§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface MyClass: NSObject
§ -(void) publicMethod;
@end





MyClass.m

§ #import "MyClass.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation MyClass
§ -(void) publicMethod {
§ printf( "public method/n" );
§ }
§ @end
§
§ // private methods
§ @interface MyClass (Private)
§ -(void) privateMethod;
§ @end
§
§ @implementation MyClass (Private)
§ -(void) privateMethod {
§ printf( "private method/n" );
§ }
@end





main.m

§ #import "MyClass.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ MyClass *obj = [[MyClass alloc] init];
§
§ // this compiles
§ [obj publicMethod];
§
§ // this throws errors when compiling
§ //[obj privateMethod];
§
§ // free memory
§ [obj release];
§
§ return 0;
}





output

public method



Posing

Posing 有点像 categories,但是不太一样。它允许你扩充一个 class,并且全面性地的扮演(pose)这个 super class。例如:你有一个扩充 NSArray 的NSArrayChild 物件。如果你让 NSArrayChild 扮演 NSArray,则在你的程序代码中所有的 NSArray 都会自动被替代为 NSArrayChild。
基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过允许而刊载。
FractionB.h

§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ @interface FractionB: Fraction
§ -(void) print;
§ @end





FractionB.m

§ #import "FractionB.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation FractionB
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "(%i/%i)", numerator, denominator );
§ }
@end





main.m

§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import "FractionB.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 3 denominator: 10];
§
§ // print it
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [frac print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // make FractionB pose as Fraction
§ [FractionB poseAsClass: [Fraction class]];
§
§ Fraction *frac2 = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 3 denominator: 10];
§
§ // print it
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [frac2 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac release];
§ [frac2 release];
§
§ return 0;
}





output

§ The fraction is: 3/10
The fraction is: (3/10)





这个程序的输出中,第一个 fraction 会输出 3/10,而第二个会输出 (3/10)。这是 FractionB 中实作的方式。
poseAsClass 这个 method 是 NSObject 的一部份,它允许 subclass 扮演superclass。

Protocols

Objective-C 里的 Protocol 与 Java 的 interface 或是 C++ 的 purely virtual class 相同。
基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过允许而刊载。
Printing.h

§ @protocol Printing
§ -(void) print;
@end





Fraction.h

§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§ #import "Printing.h"
§
§ @interface Fraction: NSObject <Printing, NSCopying> {
§ int numerator;
§ int denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d;
§ -(int) numerator;
§ -(int) denominator;
@end





Fraction.m

§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Fraction
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setNumerator: n andDenominator: d];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%i/%i", numerator, denominator );
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n {
§ numerator = n;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d {
§ denominator = d;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d {
§ numerator = n;
§ denominator = d;
§ }
§
§ -(int) denominator {
§ return denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(int) numerator {
§ return numerator;
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) copyWithZone: (NSZone*) zone {
§ return [[Fraction allocWithZone: zone] initWithNumerator: numerator
§ denominator: denominator];
§ }
@end





Complex.h

§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§ #import "Printing.h"
§
§ @interface Complex: NSObject <Printing> {
§ double real;
§ double imaginary;
§ }
§
§ -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r;
§ -(void) setImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(double) real;
§ -(double) imaginary;
@end





Complex.m

§ #import "Complex.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Complex
§ -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setReal: r andImaginary: i];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r {
§ real = r;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setImaginary: (double) i {
§ imaginary = i;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i {
§ real = r;
§ imaginary = i;
§ }
§
§ -(double) real {
§ return real;
§ }
§
§ -(double) imaginary {
§ return imaginary;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%_f + %_fi", real, imaginary );
§ }
@end





main.m

§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import "Complex.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new instance
§ Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 3 denominator: 10];
§ Complex *comp = [[Complex alloc] initWithReal: 5 andImaginary: 15];
§ id <Printing> printable;
§ id <NSCopying, Printing> copyPrintable;
§
§ // print it
§ printable = frac;
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [printable print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // print complex
§ printable = comp;
§ printf( "The complex number is: " );
§ [printable print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // this compiles because Fraction comforms to both Printing and NSCopyable
§ copyPrintable = frac;
§
§ // this doesn't compile because Complex only conforms to Printing
§ //copyPrintable = comp;
§
§ // test conformance
§
§ // true
§ if ( [frac conformsToProtocol: @protocol( NSCopying )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "Fraction conforms to NSCopying/n" );
§ }
§
§ // false
§ if ( [comp conformsToProtocol: @protocol( NSCopying )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "Complex conforms to NSCopying/n" );
§ }
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac release];
§ [comp release];
§
§ return 0;
}





output

§ The fraction is: 3/10
§ The complex number is: 5.000000 + 15.000000i
Fraction conforms to NSCopying





protocol 的宣告十分简单,基本上就是 @protocol ProtocolName (methods you must implement) @end。
要遵从(conform)某个 protocol,将要遵从的 protocols 放在 <> 里面,并以逗点分隔。如:@interface SomeClass <Protocol1, Protocol2, Protocol3>
protocol 要求实作的 methods 不需要放在 header 档里面的 methods 列表中。如你所见,Complex.h 档案里没有 -(void) print 的宣告,却还是要实作它,因为它(Complex class)遵从了这个 protocol。
Objective-C 的接口系统有一个独一无二的观念是如何指定一个型别。比起 C++ 或Java 的指定方式,如:Printing *someVar = ( Printing * ) frac; 你可以使用id 型别加上 protocol:id <Printing> var = frac;。这让你可以动态地指定一个要求多个 protocol 的型别,却从头到尾只用了一个变数。如:<Printing, NSCopying> var = frac;
就像使用@selector 来测试对象的继承关系,你可以使用 @protocol 来测试对象是否遵从接口。如果对象遵从这个接口,[object conformsToProtocol: @protocol( SomeProtocol )] 会回传一个 YES 型态的 BOOL 对象。同样地,对 class 而言也能如法炮制 [SomeClass conformsToProtocol: @protocol( SomeProtocol )]。

内存管理

到目前为止我都刻意避开 Objective-C 的内存管理议题。你可以呼叫对象上的dealloc,但是若对象里包含其他对象的指针的话,要怎么办呢?要释放那些对象所占据的内存也是一个必须关注的问题。当你使用 Foundation framework 建立 classes 时,它如何管理内存?这些稍后我们都会解释。

注意:之前所有的范例都有正确的内存管理,以免你混淆。

Retain and Release(保留与释放)

Retain 以及 release 是两个继承自 NSObject 的对象都会有的 methods。每个对象都有一个内部计数器,可以用来追踪对象的 reference 个数。如果对象有 3 个reference 时,不需要 dealloc 自己。但是如果计数器值到达 0 时,对象就得dealloc 自己。[object retain] 会将计数器值加 1(值从 1 开始),[object
release] 则将计数器值减 1。如果呼叫 [object release] 导致计数器到达 0,就会自动 dealloc。
Fraction.m

§ ...
§ -(void) dealloc {
§ printf( "Deallocing fraction/n" );
§ [super dealloc];
§ }
...





基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过允许而刊载。
main.m

§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Fraction *frac1 = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac2 = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§
§ // print current counts
§ printf( "Fraction 1 retain count: %i/n", [frac1 retainCount] );
§ printf( "Fraction 2 retain count: %i/n", [frac2 retainCount] );
§
§ // increment them
§ [frac1 retain]; // 2
§ [frac1 retain]; // 3
§ [frac2 retain]; // 2
§
§ // print current counts
§ printf( "Fraction 1 retain count: %i/n", [frac1 retainCount] );
§ printf( "Fraction 2 retain count: %i/n", [frac2 retainCount] );
§
§ // decrement
§ [frac1 release]; // 2
§ [frac2 release]; // 1
§
§ // print current counts
§ printf( "Fraction 1 retain count: %i/n", [frac1 retainCount] );
§ printf( "Fraction 2 retain count: %i/n", [frac2 retainCount] );
§
§ // release them until they dealloc themselves
§ [frac1 release]; // 1
§ [frac1 release]; // 0
§ [frac2 release]; // 0
}





output

§ Fraction 1 retain count: 1
§ Fraction 2 retain count: 1
§ Fraction 1 retain count: 3
§ Fraction 2 retain count: 2
§ Fraction 1 retain count: 2
§ Fraction 2 retain count: 1
§ Deallocing fraction
Deallocing fraction





Retain call 增加计数器值,而 release call 减少它。你可以呼叫 [obj retainCount] 来取得计数器的 int 值。 当当 retainCount 到达 0,两个对象都会 dealloc 自己,所以可以看到印出了两个 "Deallocing fraction"。

Dealloc

当你的对象包含其他对象时,就得在 dealloc 自己时释放它们。Objective-C 的一个优点是你可以传递讯息给 nil,所以不需要经过一堆防错测试来释放一个对象。
基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过允许而刊载。
AddressCard.h

§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§
§ @interface AddressCard: NSObject {
§ NSString *first;
§ NSString *last;
§ NSString *email;
§ }
§
§ -(AddressCard*) initWithFirst: (NSString*) f
§ last: (NSString*) l
§ email: (NSString*) e;
§ -(NSString*) first;
§ -(NSString*) last;
§ -(NSString*) email;
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f;
§ -(void) setLast: (NSString*) l;
§ -(void) setEmail: (NSString*) e;
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f
§ last: (NSString*) l
§ email: (NSString*) e;
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f last: (NSString*) l;
§ -(void) print;
@end





AddressCard.m

§ #import "AddressCard.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation AddressCard
§ -(AddressCard*) initWithFirst: (NSString*) f
§ last: (NSString*) l
§ email: (NSString*) e {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setFirst: f last: l email: e];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(NSString*) first {
§ return first;
§ }
§
§ -(NSString*) last {
§ return last;
§ }
§
§ -(NSString*) email {
§ return email;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f {
§ [f retain];
§ [first release];
§ first = f;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setLast: (NSString*) l {
§ [l retain];
§ [last release];
§ last = l;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setEmail: (NSString*) e {
§ [e retain];
§ [email release];
§ email = e;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f
§ last: (NSString*) l
§ email: (NSString*) e {
§ [self setFirst: f];
§ [self setLast: l];
§ [self setEmail: e];
§ }
§
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f last: (NSString*) l {
§ [self setFirst: f];
§ [self setLast: l];
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%s %s <%s>", [first cString],
§ [last cString],
§ [email cString] );
§ }
§
§ -(void) dealloc {
§ [first release];
§ [last release];
§ [email release];
§
§ [super dealloc];
§ }
@end





main.m

§ #import "AddressCard.h"
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSString *first =[[NSString alloc] initWithCString: "Tom"];
§ NSString *last = [[NSString alloc] initWithCString: "Jones"];
§ NSString *email = [[NSString alloc] initWithCString: "tom@jones.com"];
§ AddressCard *tom = [[AddressCard alloc] initWithFirst: first
§ last: last
§ email: email];
§
§ // we're done with the strings, so we must dealloc them
§ [first release];
§ [last release];
§ [email release];
§
§ // print to show the retain count
§ printf( "Retain count: %i/n", [[tom first] retainCount] );
§ [tom print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [tom release];
§
§ return 0;
}





output

§ Retain count: 1
Tom Jones <tom@jones.com>





如 AddressCard.m,这个范例不仅展示如何撰写一个 dealloc method,也展示了如何 dealloc 成员变量。
每个 set method 里的三个动作的顺序非常重要。假设你把自己当参数传给一个自己的 method(有点怪,不过确实可能发生)。若你先 release,「然后」才retain,你会把自己给解构(destruct,相对于建构)!这就是为什么应该要 1) retain 2) release 3) 设值 的原因。
通常我们不会用 C 形式字符串来初始化一个变量,因为它不支持 unicode。下一个NSAutoreleasePool 的例子会用展示正确使用并初始化字符串的方式。
这只是处理成员变量内存管理的一种方式,另一种方式是在你的 set methods 里面建立一份拷贝。

Autorelease Pool

当你想用 NSString 或其他 Foundation framework classes 来做更多程序设计工作时,你需要一个更有弹性的系统,也就是使用 Autorelease pools。
当开发 Mac Cocoa 应用程序时,autorelease pool 会自动地帮你设定好。
基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过允许而刊载。
main.m

§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSAutoreleasePool.h>
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
§ NSString *str1 = @"constant string";
§ NSString *str2 = [NSString stringWithString: @"string managed by the pool"];
§ NSString *str3 = [[NSString alloc] initWithString: @"self managed string"];
§
§ // print the strings
§ printf( "%s retain count: %x/n", [str1 cString], [str1 retainCount] );
§ printf( "%s retain count: %x/n", [str2 cString], [str2 retainCount] );
§ printf( "%s retain count: %x/n", [str3 cString], [str3 retainCount] );
§
§ // free memory
§ [str3 release];
§
§ // free pool
§ [pool release];
§ return 0;
}





output

§ constant string retain count: ffffffff
§ string managed by the pool retain count: 1
self managed string retain count: 1





如果你执行这个程序,你会发现几件事:第一件事,str1 的 retainCount 为ffffffff。
另一件事,虽然我只有 release str3,整个程序却还是处于完美的内存管理下,原因是第一个常数字符串已经自动被加到 autorelease pool 里了。还有一件事,字符串是由 stringWithString 产生的。这个 method 会产生一个 NSString class型别的字符串,并自动加进 autorelease pool。
千万记得,要有良好的内存管理,像 [NSString stringWithString: @"String"]这种 method 使用了 autorelease pool,而 alloc method 如 [[NSString alloc] initWithString: @"String"] 则没有使用 auto release pool。
在 Objective-C 有两种管理内存的方法, 1) retain and release or 2) retain and release/autorelease。
对于每个 retain,一定要对应一个 release 「或」一个 autorelease。
下一个范例会展示我说的这点。
基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过允许而刊载。
Fraction.h

§ ...
§ +(Fraction*) fractionWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d;
§ ...





Fraction.m

§ ...
§ +(Fraction*) fractionWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d {
§ Fraction *ret = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: n denominator: d];
§ [ret autorelease];
§
§ return ret;
§ }
...





main.m

§ #import <Foundation/NSAutoreleasePool.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac1 = [Fraction fractionWithNumerator: 2 denominator: 5];
§ Fraction *frac2 = [Fraction fractionWithNumerator: 1 denominator: 3];
§
§ // print frac 1
§ printf( "Fraction 1: " );
§ [frac1 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // print frac 2
§ printf( "Fraction 2: " );
§ [frac2 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // this causes a segmentation fault
§ //[frac1 release];
§
§ // release the pool and all objects in it
§ [pool release];
§ return 0;
}





output

§ Fraction 1: 2/5
Fraction 2: 1/3





在这个例子里,此 method 是一个 class level method。在对象建立后,在它上面呼叫 了 autorelease。在 main method 里面,我从未在此对象上呼叫 release。
这样行得通的原因是:对任何 retain 而言,一定要呼叫一个 release 或autorelease。对象的 retainCount 从 1 起跳 ,然后我在上面呼叫 1 次autorelease,表示 1 - 1 = 0。当 autorelease pool 被释放时,它会计算所有对象上的 autorelease 呼叫次数,并且呼叫相同次数的 [obj release]。
如同批注所说,不把那一行批注掉会造成分段错误(segment fault)。因为对象上已经呼叫过 autorelease,若再呼叫 release,在释放 autorelease pool 时会试图呼叫一个 nil 对象上的 dealloc,但这是不允许的。最后的算式会变为:1 (creation) - 1 (release) - 1 (autorelease) = -1
管理大量暂时对象时,autorelease pool 可以被动态地产生。你需要做的只是建立一个 pool,执行一堆会建立大量动态对象的程序代码,然后释放这个 pool。你可能会感到好奇,这表示可能同时有超过一个 autorelease pool 存在。

Foundation framework classes

Foundation framework 地位如同 C++ 的 Standard Template Library。不过Objective-C 是真正的动态识别语言(dynamic types),所以不需要像 C++ 那样肥得可怕的样版(templates)。这个 framework 包含了对象组、网络、线程,还有更多好东西。
NSArray

基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过允许而刊载。
main.m

§ #import <Foundation/NSArray.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSAutoreleasePool.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSEnumerator.h>
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ void print( NSArray *array ) {
§ NSEnumerator *enumerator = [array objectEnumerator];
§ id obj;
§
§ while ( obj = [enumerator nextObject] ) {
§ printf( "%s/n", [[obj description] cString] );
§ }
§ }
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
§ NSArray *arr = [[NSArray alloc] initWithObjects:
§ @"Me", @"Myself", @"I", nil];
§ NSMutableArray *mutable = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
§
§ // enumerate over items
§ printf( "----static array/n" );
§ print( arr );
§
§ // add stuff
§ [mutable addObject: @"One"];
§ [mutable addObject: @"Two"];
§ [mutable addObjectsFromArray: arr];
§ [mutable addObject: @"Three"];
§
§ // print em
§ printf( "----mutable array/n" );
§ print( mutable );
§
§ // sort then print
§ printf( "----sorted mutable array/n" );
§ [mutable sortUsingSelector: @selector( caseInsensitiveCompare: )];
§ print( mutable );
§
§ // free memory
§ [arr release];
§ [mutable release];
§ [pool release];
§
§ return 0;
}





output

§ ----static array
§ Me
§ Myself
§ I
§ ----mutable array
§ One
§ Two
§ Me
§ Myself
§ I
§ Three
§ ----sorted mutable array
§ I
§ Me
§ Myself
§ One
§ Three
Two





数组有两种(通常是 Foundation classes 中最数据导向的部分),NSArray 跟NSMutableArray,顾名思义,mutable(善变的)表示可以被改变,而 NSArray 则不行。这表示你可以制造一个 NSArray 但却不能改变它的长度。
你可以用 Obj, Obj, Obj, ..., nil 为参数呼叫建构子来初始化一个数组,其中nil 表示结尾符号。
排序(sorting)展示如何用 selector 来排序一个对象,这个 selector 告诉数组用 NSString 的忽略大小写顺序来排序。如果你的对象有好几个排序方法,你可以使用这个 selector 来选择你想用的方法。
在 print method 里,我使用了 description method。它就像 Java 的toString,会回传对象的 NSString 表示法。
NSEnumerator 很像 Java 的列举系统。while ( obj = [array objectEnumerator] ) 行得通的理由是 objectEnumerator 会回传最后一个对象的 nil。在 C 里 nil通常代表 0,也就是 false。改用 ( ( obj = [array objectEnumerator] ) != nil ) 也许更好。

NSDictionary

基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过允许而刊载。
main.m

§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSAutoreleasePool.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSDictionary.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSEnumerator.h>
§ #import <Foundation/Foundation.h<
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ void print( NSDictionary *map ) {
§ NSEnumerator *enumerator = [map keyEnumerator];
§ id key;
§
§ while ( key = [enumerator nextObject] ) {
§ printf( "%s => %s/n",
§ [[key description] cString],
§ [[[map objectForKey: key] description] cString] );
§ }
§ }
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
§ NSDictionary *dictionary = [[NSDictionary alloc] initWithObjectsAndKeys:
§ @"one", [NSNumber numberWithInt: 1],
§ @"two", [NSNumber numberWithInt: 2],
§ @"three", [NSNumber numberWithInt: 3],
§ nil];
§ NSMutableDictionary *mutable = [[NSMutableDictionary alloc] init];
§
§ // print dictionary
§ printf( "----static dictionary/n" );
§ print( dictionary );
§
§ // add objects
§ [mutable setObject: @"Tom" forKey: @"tom@jones.com"];
§ [mutable setObject: @"Bob" forKey: @"bob@dole.com" ];
§
§ // print mutable dictionary
§ printf( "----mutable dictionary/n" );
§ print( mutable );
§
§ // free memory
§ [dictionary release];
§ [mutable release];
§ [pool release];
§
§ return 0;
}





output

§ ----static dictionary
§ 1 => one
§ 2 => two
§ 3 => three
§ ----mutable dictionary
§ bob@dole.com => Bob
tom@jones.com => Tom

优点与缺点

优点

Cateogies
Posing
动态识别
指标计算
弹性讯息传递
不是一个过度复杂的 C 衍生语言
可透过 Objective-C++ 与 C++ 结合

缺点

不支持命名空间
不支持运算符多载(虽然这常常被视为一个优点,不过正确地使用运算符多载可以降低程序代码复杂度)
语言里仍然有些讨厌的东西,不过不比 C++ 多。

更多信息

Object-Oriented Programming and the Objective-C Language
GNUstep mini tutorials
Programming
in Objective-C
Learning
Cocoa with Objective-C
Cocoa
Programming for Mac OS X
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