nginx rewrite 参数和例子

推荐参考地址：
Mailing list ARChives 官方讨论区
http://marc.info/?l=nginx

Nginx 常见应用技术指南[Nginx Tips]
http://bbs.linuxtone.org/thread-1685-1-1.html

本日志内容来自互联网和平日使用经验，整理一下方便日后参考。

正则表达式匹配，其中：

* ~ 为区分大小写匹配

*
~* 为不区分大小写匹配

*
!~和!~*分别为区分大小写不匹配及不区分大小写不匹配

文件及目录匹配，其中：

* -f和!-f用来判断是否存在文件

*
-d和!-d用来判断是否存在目录

*
-e和!-e用来判断是否存在文件或目录

*
-x和!-x用来判断文件是否可执行

flag标记有：

* last 相当于Apache里的[L]标记，表示完成rewrite

*
break 终止匹配, 不再匹配后面的规则

*
redirect 返回302临时重定向 地址栏会显示跳转后的地址

*
permanent 返回301永久重定向 地址栏会显示跳转后的地址

一些可用的全局变量有，可以用做条件判断(待补全)

$args

$content_length

$content_type

$document_root

$document_uri

$host

$http_user_agent

$http_cookie

$limit_rate

$request_body_file

$request_method

$remote_addr

$remote_port

$remote_user

$request_filename

$request_uri

$query_string

$scheme

$server_protocol

$server_addr

$server_name

$server_port

$uri

结合QeePHP的例子

if (!-d $request_filename) {

rewrite
^/([a-z-A-Z]+)/([a-z-A-Z]+)/?(.*)$
/index.php?namespace=user&controller=$1&action=$2&$3
last;

rewrite
^/([a-z-A-Z]+)/?$ /index.php?namespace=user&controller=$1 last;

break;

多目录转成参数
abc.domian.com/sort/2
=> abc.domian.com/index.php?act=sort&name=abc&id=2

if ($host ~* (.*)\.domain\.com) {

set
$sub_name $1;

rewrite
^/sort\/(\d+)\/?$ /index.php?act=sort&cid=$sub_name&id=$1 last;

}

目录对换
/123456/xxxx
-> /xxxx?id=123456

rewrite ^/(\d+)/(.+)/ /$2?id=$1 last;

例如下面设定nginx在用户使用ie的使用重定向到/nginx-ie目录下：

if ($http_user_agent ~ MSIE) {

rewrite
^(.*)$ /nginx-ie/$1 break;

}

目录自动加“/”

if (-d $request_filename){

rewrite
^/(.*)([^/])$ http://$host/$1$2/ permanent;

}

禁止htaccess

location ~/\.ht {

deny all;

}

禁止多个目录

location ~ ^/(cron|templates)/ {

deny all;

break;

}

禁止以/data开头的文件
可以禁止/data/下多级目录下.log.txt等请求;

location ~ ^/data {

deny all;

}

禁止单个目录
不能禁止.log.txt能请求

location /searchword/cron/ {

deny all;

}

禁止单个文件

location ~ /data/sql/data.sql {

deny all;

}

给favicon.ico和robots.txt设置过期时间;
这里为favicon.ico为99天,robots.txt为7天并不记录404错误日志

location ~(favicon.ico) {

log_not_found off;

expires
99d;

break;

}

location ~(robots.txt) {

log_not_found off;

expires
7d;

break;

}

设定某个文件的过期时间;这里为600秒，并不记录访问日志

location ^~ /html/scripts/loadhead_1.js {

access_log off;

root /opt/lampp/htdocs/web;

expires
600;

break;

}

文件反盗链并设置过期时间
这里的return
412 为自定义的http状态码，默认为403，方便找出正确的盗链的请求
“rewrite ^/ http://leech.c1gstudio.com/leech.gif;”显示一张防盗链图片 “access_log
off;”不记录访问日志，减轻压力
“expires 3d”所有文件3天的浏览器缓存

location ~* ^.+\.(jpg|jpeg|gif|png|swf|rar|zip|css|js)$ {

valid_referers
none blocked *.c1gstudio.com *.c1gstudio.net localhost 208.97.167.194;

if
($invalid_referer) {

rewrite ^/ http://leech.c1gstudio.com/leech.gif;
return 412;

break;

}

access_log off;

root /opt/lampp/htdocs/web;

expires
3d;

break;

}

只充许固定ip访问网站，并加上密码

root /opt/htdocs/www;

allow
208.97.167.194;

allow
222.33.1.2;

allow
231.152.49.4;

deny
all;

auth_basic
"C1G_ADMIN";

auth_basic_user_file
htpasswd;

将多级目录下的文件转成一个文件，增强seo效果
/job-123-456-789.html
指向/job/123/456/789.html

rewrite ^/job-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\.html$
/job/$1/$2/jobshow_$3.html last;

将根目录下某个文件夹指向2级目录
如/shanghaijob/
指向 /area/shanghai/
如果你将last改成permanent，那么浏览器地址栏显是/location/shanghai/

rewrite ^/([0-9a-z]+)job/(.*)$ /area/$1/$2 last;

上面例子有个问题是访问/shanghai 时将不会匹配

rewrite ^/([0-9a-z]+)job$ /area/$1/ last;

rewrite
^/([0-9a-z]+)job/(.*)$ /area/$1/$2 last;

这样/shanghai
也可以访问了，但页面中的相对链接无法使用，
如./list_1.html真实地址是/area/shanghia/list_1.html会变成/list_1.html,导至无法访问。

那我加上自动跳转也是不行咯
(-d $request_filename)它有个条件是必需为真实目录，而我的rewrite不是的，所以没有效果

if (-d $request_filename){

rewrite
^/(.*)([^/])$ http://$host/$1$2/ permanent;

}

知道原因后就好办了，让我手动跳转吧

rewrite ^/([0-9a-z]+)job$ /$1job/ permanent;

rewrite
^/([0-9a-z]+)job/(.*)$ /area/$1/$2 last;

文件和目录不存在的时候重定向：

if (!-e $request_filename) {

proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1;
}

域名跳转

server

{

listen 80;

server_name jump.c1gstudio.com;

index index.html index.htm index.php;

root /opt/lampp/htdocs/www;

rewrite ^/ http://www.c1gstudio.com/;
access_log off;

}

多域名转向

server_name www.c1gstudio.com www.c1gstudio.net;

index index.html index.htm index.php;

root /opt/lampp/htdocs;

if
($host ~ "c1gstudio\.net") {

rewrite
^(.*) http://www.c1gstudio.com$1 permanent;

}

三级域名跳转

if ($http_host ~* "^(.*)\.i\.c1gstudio\.com$") {

rewrite
^(.*) http://top.c1gstudio.com$1;
break;

}

域名镜向

server

{

listen 80;

server_name mirror.c1gstudio.com;

index index.html index.htm index.php;

root /opt/lampp/htdocs/www;

rewrite ^/(.*) http://www.c1gstudio.com/$1 last;

access_log off;

}

某个子目录作镜向

location ^~ /zhaopinhui {

rewrite ^.+ http://zph.c1gstudio.com/ last;

break;

}

discuz
ucenter home (uchome) rewrite

rewrite ^/(space|network)-(.+)\.html$ /$1.php?rewrite=$2
last;

rewrite
^/(space|network)\.html$ /$1.php last;

rewrite
^/([0-9]+)$ /space.php?uid=$1 last;

discuz
7 rewrite

rewrite ^(.*)/archiver/((fid|tid)-[\w\-]+\.html)$
$1/archiver/index.php?$2 last;

rewrite
^(.*)/forum-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\.html$ $1/forumdisplay.php?fid=$2&page=$3
last;

rewrite
^(.*)/thread-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\.html$
$1/viewthread.php?tid=$2&extra=page\%3D$4&page=$3 last;

rewrite
^(.*)/profile-(username|uid)-(.+)\.html$ $1/viewpro.php?$2=$3 last;

rewrite
^(.*)/space-(username|uid)-(.+)\.html$ $1/space.php?$2=$3 last;

rewrite
^(.*)/tag-(.+)\.html$ $1/tag.php?name=$2 last;

给discuz某版块单独配置域名

server_name bbs.c1gstudio.com news.c1gstudio.com;

location = / {

if ($http_host ~ news\.c1gstudio.com$) {

rewrite ^.+ http://news.c1gstudio.com/forum-831-1.html last;

break;

}

}

discuz
ucenter 头像 rewrite 优化

location ^~ /ucenter {

location ~ .*\.php?$

{

#fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;

fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;

fastcgi_index index.php;

include fcgi.conf;

}

location /ucenter/data/avatar {

log_not_found
off;

access_log
off;

location
~ /(.*)_big\.jpg$ {

error_page 404 /ucenter/images/noavatar_big.gif;

}

location
~ /(.*)_middle\.jpg$ {

error_page 404 /ucenter/images/noavatar_middle.gif;

}

location
~ /(.*)_small\.jpg$ {

error_page 404 /ucenter/images/noavatar_small.gif;

}

expires
300;

break;

}

}

jspace
rewrite

location ~ .*\.php?$

{

#fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;

fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;

fastcgi_index index.php;

include fcgi.conf;

}

location ~* ^/index.php/

{

rewrite ^/index.php/(.*) /index.php?$1 break;

fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;

fastcgi_index index.php;

include fcgi.conf;

}

wordpress
rewrite

location / {

index index.html index.php;

if (-f $request_filename/index.html){

rewrite (.*) $1/index.html break;

}

if (-f $request_filename/index.php){

rewrite (.*) $1/index.php;

}

if
(!-e $request_filename)

{

rewrite (.*) /index.php;

}

}

2010-1-11更新

discuzx
1.5 rewrite

rewrite ^([^\.]*)/topic-(.+)\.html$
$1/portal.php?mod=topic&topic=$2 last;

rewrite
^([^\.]*)/article-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\.html$
$1/portal.php?mod=view&aid=$2&page=$3 last;

rewrite
^([^\.]*)/forum-(\w+)-([0-9]+)\.html$
$1/forum.php?mod=forumdisplay&fid=$2&page=$3 last;

rewrite
^([^\.]*)/thread-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\.html$
$1/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=$2&extra=page%3D$4&page=$3 last;

rewrite
^([^\.]*)/group-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\.html$
$1/forum.php?mod=group&fid=$2&page=$3 last;

rewrite
^([^\.]*)/space-(username|uid)-(.+)\.html$ $1/home.php?mod=space&$2=$3 last;

rewrite
^([^\.]*)/([a-z]+)-(.+)\.html$ $1/$2.php?rewrite=$3 last;

if
(!-e $request_filename) {

return
404;

}

动态参数rewrite
以discuz7.2到discuzx1.5为例

if ($query_string ~* tid=([0-9]+)) {

set $id $1;

rewrite "^(.*)/viewthread.php$"
$1/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=$id&extra=page%3D&page=1 last;

}

if
($query_string ~* gid=([0-9]+)) {

set $id $1;

rewrite "^(.*)/index.php$" $1/forum.php?gid=$id last;

}

rewrite
^([^\.]*)/archiver/$ $1/forum.php?archiver=1 last;

2011-4-21更新

nginx
嵌套if
nginx不支持if
and和多层嵌套if,让我头痛很久,需要通过其它方法实现.
下面是把访问镜像网站cnc.c1gstudio.com的爬虫转到www站.

set $needrewrite '';

if
($http_user_agent ~*
(baiduspider|googlebot|soso|bing|sogou|yahoo|sohu-search|yodao|YoudaoBot|robozilla|msnbot|MJ12bot|NHN|Twiceler))
{

set
$needrewrite 'o';

}

if
($host ~ cnc\.c1gstudio\.com) {

set
$needrewrite "${needrewrite}k";

}

if
($needrewrite = ok) {

#return
403;

rewrite
^(.*) http://www.c1gstudio.com$1 permanent;

}

reload nginx后可以用curl来做测试
curl -I -A “soso” cnc.c1gstudio.com

apache 转 nginx 规则工具
http://www.ubuntuset.com/apache2nginx