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【转】shell编程if语句

2012-12-02 23:40 218 查看


if 语句格式

if 条件
then
  Command
else
  Command
fi             别忘了这个结尾
If语句忘了结尾fi
test.sh: line 14: syntax error: unexpected end of fi
if 的三种条件表达式
if command then

if 函数 then
命令执行成功,等于返回0 (比如grep ,找到匹配) 执行失败,返回非0 (grep,没找到匹配)
if [ expression_r_r_r ] then表达式结果为真,则返回0,if把0值引向then
if test expression_r_r_r then表达式结果为假,则返回非0,if把非0值引向then
[ ] && ——快捷if
[ -f "/etc/shadow" ] && echo "This computer uses shadow passwors"
&& 可以理解为then 如果左边的表达式为真则执行右边的语句
shell的if与c语言if的功能上的区别
shell ifc语言if
0为真,走then正好相反,非0走then
不支持整数变量直接if 必须:if [ i –ne 0 ]

但支持字符串变量直接if if [ str ] 如果字符串非0
支持变量直接if if (i )
=================================以command作为if 条件=================================== 以多条command或者函数作为if 条件
echo –n “input:”
read user

if 多条指令,这些命令之间相当于“and”(与)
grep $user /etc/passwd >/tmp/null
who -u | grep $user then 上边的指令执行成功,返回值$?为0,0为真,运行then
  echo "$user has logged"
else 指令执行失败,$?为1,运行else
  echo "$user has not logged"
fi
# sh test.sh input : macg macg pts/0 May 15 15:55 . 2075 (192.168.1.100) macg has logged # sh test.sh input : ddd ddd has not logged
以函数作为if条件 (函数就相当于command,函数的优点是其return值可以自定义)
if 以函数作为if条件, getyn then 函数reture值0为真,走then echo " your answer is yes" else 函数return值非0为假,走else echo "your anser is no" fi
if command 等价于 command+if $?
$ vi testsh.sh #!/bin/sh

if

cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1

then echo found else echo "no found" fi
$ vi testsh.sh #!/bin/sh

cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1

if [ $? -eq 0 ] then echo $? echo found else echo
$? echo "no found" fi
$ sh testsh.sh no found$ sh testsh.sh 1 no found
$ vi 111-tmp.txt that is 222file thisting1 is 111file

$ sh testsh.sh thisting1 is 111file found
$ vi 111-tmp.txt that is 222file thisting1 is 111file

$ sh testsh.sh thisting1 is 111file 0 found
========================================以条件表达式作为 if条件=============================

传统if 从句子——以条件表达式作为 if条件 if [ 条件表达式 ] then command command command else command command fi 条件表达式

文件表达式

if [ -f file ] 如果文件存在

if [ -d ... ] 如果目录存在

if [ -s file ] 如果文件存在且非空 if [ -r file ] 如果文件存在且可读 if [ -w file ] 如果文件存在且可写 if [ -x file ] 如果文件存在且可执行

整数变量表达式

if [ int1 -eq int2 ] 如果int1等于int2

if [ int1 -ne int2 ] 如果不等于 if [ int1 -ge int2 ] 如果>= if [ int1 -gt int2 ] 如果> if [ int1 -le int2 ] 如果<= if [ int1 -lt int2 ]如果<

字符串变量表达式

If [ $a = $b ] 如果string1等于string2 字符串允许使用赋值号做等号 if [ $string1 != $string2 ] 如果string1不等于string2 if
[ -n $string ] 如果string 非空(非0),返回0(true) if [ -z $string ] 如果string 为空 if [ $sting ] 如果string 非空,返回0 (和-n类似)

条件表达式引用变量要带$
if [ a = b ] ;then echo equal else echo no equal fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input a: 5 input b: 5 no equal (等于表达式没比较$a和$b,而是比较和a和b,自然a!=b)
改正:
if [ $a = $b ] ;then echo equal else echo no equal fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input a: 5 input b: 5 equal
-eq -ne -lt -nt只能用于整数,不适用于字符串,字符串等于用赋值号=
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo -n "input your choice:" read var if [ $var -eq "yes" ] then echo $var fi [macg@machome ~]$ sh -x test.sh input your choice: y test.sh: line 3: test: y: integer expression_r_r_r
expected

期望整数形式,即-eq不支持字符串
=放在别的地方是赋值,放在if [ ] 里就是字符串等于,shell里面没有==的,那是c语言的等于

无空格的字符串,可以加" ",也可以不加
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input a:" read a echo "input is $a" if [ $a = 123 ] ; then echo equal123 fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input a: 123 input is 123 equal123
= 作为等于时,其两边都必须加空格,否则失效等号也是操作符,必须和其他变量,关键字,用空格格开 (等号做赋值号时正好相反,两边不能有空格)
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:" read var if [ $var="yes" ] then echo $var echo "input is correct" else echo $var echo "input error" fi
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:" read var if [ $var = "yes" ] 在等号两边加空格 then echo $var echo "input is correct" else echo $var echo "input error" fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input your choice: y y input is correct [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input your choice: n n input is correct 输错了也走then,都走then,为什么? 因为if把$var="yes"连读成一个变量,而此变量为空,返回1,则走else[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input your choice: y y input error [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input your choice: no no input error 一切正常
If [ $ANS ] 等价于 if [ -n $ANS ]如果字符串变量非空(then) , 空(else)
echo "input your choice:" read ANS

if [ $ANS ] then echo no empty else echo empth fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input your choice: 回车 empth 说明“回车”就是空串[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input your choice: 34 no empty
整数条件表达式,大于,小于,shell里没有> 和< ,会被当作尖括号,只有-ge,-gt,-le,lt
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input a:" read a if [ $a -ge 100 ] ; then echo 3bit else echo 2bit fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input a: 123 3bit [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input a: 20 2bit
整数操作符号-ge,-gt,-le,-lt, 别忘了加-
if test $a ge 100 ; then

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh test.sh: line 4: test: ge: binary operator expected
if test $a -ge 100 ; then

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input a: 123 3bit
============================逻辑表达式========================================= 逻辑非 ! 条件表达式的相反 if [ ! 表达式 ] if [ ! -d $num ] 如果不存在目录$num

逻辑与 –a 条件表达式的并列 if [ 表达式1 –a 表达式2 ]

逻辑或 -o 条件表达式的或 if [ 表达式1 –o 表达式2 ]

逻辑表达式

表达式与前面的= != -d –f –x -ne -eq -lt等合用

逻辑符号就正常的接其他表达式,没有任何括号( ),就是并列

if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]

注意逻辑与-a与逻辑或-o很容易和其他字符串或文件的运算符号搞混了

最常见的赋值形式,赋值前对=两边的变量都进行评测左边测变量是否为空,右边测目录(值)是否存在(值是否有效)
[macg@mac-home ~]$ vi test.sh : echo "input the num:" read num echo "input is $num"

if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ] 如果变量$JHHOME为空,且$HOME/$num目录存在 then

JHHOME=$HOME/$num 则赋值 fi

echo "JHHOME is $JHHOME"
----------------------- [macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh input the num: ppp input is ppp JHHOME is

目录-d $HOME/$num 不存在,所以$JHHOME没被then赋值
[macg@mac-home ~]$ mkdir ppp [macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh input the num: ppp input is ppp JHHOME is /home/macg/ppp
一个-o的例子,其中却揭示了”=”必须两边留空格的问题
echo "input your choice:" read ANS

if [ $ANS="Yes" -o $ANS="yes" -o $ANS="y" -o $ANS="Y" ] then ANS="y" else ANS="n" fi

echo $ANS
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input your choice: n y [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input your choice: no y 为什么输入不是yes,结果仍是y(走then) 因为=被连读了,成了变量$ANS="Yes",而变量又为空,所以走else了
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

echo "input your choice:" read ANS echo "input your choice:" read ANS

if [ $ANS = "Yes" -o $ANS = "yes" -o $ANS = "y" -o $ANS = "Y" ] then ANS="y" else ANS="n" fi

echo $ANS
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input your choice: no n [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input your choice: yes y [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh input your choice: y y
===================以 test 条件表达式作为if条件===================================

if test $num -eq 0 等价于 if [ $num –eq 0 ]

test 表达式,没有 [ ] if test $num -eq 0 then echo "try again" else echo "good" fi

man test
[macg@machome ~]$ man test [(1) User Commands [(1)

SYNOPSIS test EXPRESSION [ EXPRESSION ]

[-n] STRING the length of STRING is nonzero -n和直接$str都是非0条件

-z STRING the length of STRING is zero

STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal

STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal

INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2

INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2

INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2

INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2

INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2

INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2

FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2

FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2

-b FILE FILE exists and is block special

-c FILE FILE exists and is character special

-d FILE FILE exists and is a directory

-e FILE FILE exists 文件存在

-f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file 文件存在且是普通文件

-h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L)

-L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h)

-G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID

-O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID

-p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe

-s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero

-S FILE FILE exists and is a socket

-w FILE FILE exists and is writable

-x FILE FILE exists and is executable
======================if简化语句=================================

最常用的简化if语句
&& 如果是“前面”,则“后面” [ -f /var/run/dhcpd.pid ] && rm /var/run/dhcpd.pid 检查 文件是否存在,如果存在就删掉
|| 如果不是“前面”,则后面 [ -f /usr/sbin/dhcpd ] || exit 0 检验文件是否存在,如果存在就退出
用简化 if 和$1,$2,$3来检测参数,不合理就调用help [ -z "$1" ] && help 如果第一个参数不存在(-z 字符串长度为0
) [ "$1" = "-h" ] && help 如果第一个参数是-h,就显示help

例子 #!/bin/sh

[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 cp ifcfg-eth0.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1 cp ifcfg-eth1.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1

[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1
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