Oracle DDL,DML,DCL,TCL 基础概念

DDL/DML/DCL/TCL四种SQL

SQL主要分成四部分：

（1）数据定义。（SQL DDL）用于定义SQL模式、基本表、视图和索引的创建和撤消操作。

（2）数据操纵。（SQL DML）数据操纵分成数据查询和数据更新两类。数据更新又分成插入、删除、和修改三种操作。

（3）数据控制。包括对基本表和视图的授权，完整性规则的描述，事务控制等内容。

（4）嵌入式SQL的使用规定。涉及到SQL语句嵌入在宿主语言程序中使用的规则。

DDL（Data Definition Language）数据库定义语言statements are used to define the database structure or schema.

DDL是SQL语言的四大功能之一。

用于定义数据库的三级结构，包括外模式、概念模式、内模式及其相互之间的映像，定义数据的完整性、安全控制等约束

Data Definition Language (DDL) statements are used to define the database structure or schema. Some examples:

CREATE - to create objects in the database
ALTER - alters the structure of the database
DROP - delete objects from the database
TRUNCATE - remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the records are removed
COMMENT - add comments to the data dictionary
RENAME - rename an object



DML（Data Manipulation Language）数据操纵语言statements are used for managing data within schema objects.
由DBMS提供，用于让用户或程序员使用，实现对数据库中数据的操作。

DML分成交互型DML和嵌入型DML两类。

依据语言的级别，DML又可分成过程性DML和非过程性DML两种。



Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements are used for managing data within schema objects. Some examples:

SELECT - retrieve data from the a database
INSERT - insert data into a table
UPDATE - updates existing data within a table
DELETE - deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remain
MERGE - UPSERT operation (insert or update)
CALL - call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram
EXPLAIN PLAN - explain access path to data
LOCK TABLE - control concurrency



DCL（Data Control Language）数据库控制语言 授权，角色控制等



Data Control Language (DCL) statements. Some examples:

GRANT - gives user's access privileges to database
REVOKE - withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT command



TCL（Transaction Control Language）事务控制语言



Transaction Control (TCL) statements are used to manage the changes made by DML statements. It allows statements to be grouped together into logical transactions.

COMMIT - save work done
SAVEPOINT - identify a point in a transaction to which you can later roll back
ROLLBACK - restore database to original since the last COMMIT
SET TRANSACTION - Change transaction options like isolation level and what rollback segment to use