oracle命令cursor(游标)的使用

关键字
概念
类型
异常处理

一 概念
游标是SQL的一个内存工作区，由系统或用户以变量的形式定义。游标的作用就是用于临时存储从数据库中提取的数据块。在某些情况下，需要把数据从存放在磁盘的表中调到计算机内存中进行处理，最后将处理结果显示出来或最终写回数据库。这样数据处理的速度才会提高，否则频繁的磁盘数据交换会降低效率。
二 类型
Cursor类型包含三种: 隐式Cursor，显式Cursor和Ref Cursor（动态Cursor）。
1． 隐式Cursor:
1).对于Select …INTO…语句，一次只能从数据库中获取到一条数据，对于这种类型的DML Sql语句，就是隐式Cursor。例如：Select /Update / Insert/Delete操作。
2)作用：可以通过隐式Cusor的属性来了解操作的状态和结果，从而达到流程的控制。Cursor的属性包含：
SQL%ROWCOUNT 整型 代表DML语句成功执行的数据行数
SQL%FOUND 布尔型 值为TRUE代表插入、删除、更新或单行查询操作成功
SQL%NOTFOUND 布尔型 与SQL%FOUND属性返回值相反
SQL%ISOPEN 布尔型 DML执行过程中为真，结束后为假
3) 隐式Cursor是系统自动打开和关闭Cursor.
下面是一个Sample：
Sql代码 Set Serveroutput on;
begin
update t_contract_master set liability_state = 1 where policy_code = '123456789';

if SQL%Found then
dbms_output.put_line('the Policy is updated successfully.');
commit;
else
dbms_output.put_line('the policy is updated failed.');
end if;

end;

/

Set Serveroutput on;

begin
update t_contract_master set liability_state = 1 where policy_code = '123456789';

if SQL%Found then
dbms_output.put_line('the Policy is updated successfully.');
commit;
else
dbms_output.put_line('the policy is updated failed.');
end if;

end;

/

在PL/SQL中run:
Sql代码 SQL> the policy is updated failed. PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

SQL>

the policy is updated failed.

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

2． 显式Cursor：
（1） 对于从数据库中提取多行数据，就需要使用显式Cursor。显式Cursor的属性包含：
游标的属性 返回值类型 意 义
%ROWCOUNT 整型 获得FETCH语句返回的数据行数
%FOUND 布尔型 最近的FETCH语句返回一行数据则为真，否则为假
%NOTFOUND 布尔型 与%FOUND属性返回值相反
%ISOPEN 布尔型 游标已经打开时值为真，否则为假

（2） 对于显式游标的运用分为四个步骤：
 定义游标---Cursor [Cursor Name] IS;
 打开游标---Open [Cursor Name];
 操作数据---Fetch [Cursor name]
 关闭游标---Close [Cursor Name],这个Step绝对不可以遗漏。
（3）以下是三种常见显式Cursor用法。
1）
Sql代码 Set serveroutput on; declare ---define Cursor Cursor cur_policy is select cm.policy_code, cm.applicant_id, cm.period_prem,cm.bank_code,cm.bank_account from t_contract_master cm where cm.liability_state = 2 and cm.policy_type = 1 and cm.policy_cate in ('2','3','4') and rownum < 5 order by cm.policy_code desc; curPolicyInfo cur_policy%rowtype;---定义游标变量 Begin open cur_policy; ---open cursor Loop --deal with extraction data from DB Fetch cur_policy into curPolicyInfo; Exit when cur_policy%notfound; Dbms_Output.put_line(curPolicyInfo.policy_code); end loop; Exception when others then close cur_policy; Dbms_Output.put_line(Sqlerrm); if cur_policy%isopen then --close cursor close cur_policy; end if; end; /

Set serveroutput on;

declare
---define Cursor
Cursor cur_policy is
select cm.policy_code, cm.applicant_id, cm.period_prem,cm.bank_code,cm.bank_account
from t_contract_master cm
where cm.liability_state = 2
and cm.policy_type = 1
and cm.policy_cate in ('2','3','4')
and rownum < 5
order by cm.policy_code desc;
curPolicyInfo cur_policy%rowtype;---定义游标变量
Begin
open cur_policy; ---open cursor
Loop
--deal with extraction data from DB
Fetch cur_policy into curPolicyInfo;
Exit when cur_policy%notfound;

Dbms_Output.put_line(curPolicyInfo.policy_code);
end loop;
Exception
when others then
close cur_policy;
Dbms_Output.put_line(Sqlerrm);

if cur_policy%isopen then
--close cursor
close cur_policy;
end if;
end;

/

2）
Sql代码 Set serveroutput on; declare Cursor cur_policy is select cm.policy_code, cm.applicant_id, cm.period_prem,cm.bank_code,cm.bank_account from t_contract_master cm where cm.liability_state = 2 and cm.policy_type = 1 and cm.policy_cate in ('2','3','4') and rownum < 5 order by cm.policy_code desc; v_policyCode t_contract_master.policy_code%type; v_applicantId t_contract_master.applicant_id%type; v_periodPrem t_contract_master.period_prem%type; v_bankCode t_contract_master.bank_code%type; v_bankAccount t_contract_master.bank_account%type; Begin open cur_policy; Loop Fetch cur_policy into v_policyCode, v_applicantId, v_periodPrem, v_bankCode, v_bankAccount; Exit when cur_policy%notfound; Dbms_Output.put_line(v_policyCode); end loop; Exception when others then close cur_policy; Dbms_Output.put_line(Sqlerrm); if cur_policy%isopen then close cur_policy; end if; end; /

Set serveroutput on;

declare
Cursor cur_policy is
select cm.policy_code, cm.applicant_id, cm.period_prem,cm.bank_code,cm.bank_account
from t_contract_master cm
where cm.liability_state = 2
and cm.policy_type = 1
and cm.policy_cate in ('2','3','4')
and rownum < 5
order by cm.policy_code desc;
v_policyCode t_contract_master.policy_code%type;
v_applicantId t_contract_master.applicant_id%type;
v_periodPrem t_contract_master.period_prem%type;
v_bankCode t_contract_master.bank_code%type;
v_bankAccount t_contract_master.bank_account%type;
Begin
open cur_policy;
Loop
Fetch cur_policy into v_policyCode,
v_applicantId,
v_periodPrem,
v_bankCode,
v_bankAccount;
Exit when cur_policy%notfound;

Dbms_Output.put_line(v_policyCode);
end loop;
Exception
when others then
close cur_policy;
Dbms_Output.put_line(Sqlerrm);

if cur_policy%isopen then
close cur_policy;
end if;
end;
/

3） Sql代码 Set serveroutput on; declare Cursor cur_policy is select cm.policy_code, cm.applicant_id, cm.period_prem,cm.bank_code,cm.bank_account from t_contract_master cm where cm.liability_state = 2 and cm.policy_type = 1 and cm.policy_cate in ('2','3','4') and rownum < 5 order by cm.policy_code desc; Begin For rec_Policy in cur_policy loop Dbms_Output.put_line(rec_policy.policy_code); end loop; Exception when others then Dbms_Output.put_line(Sqlerrm); end; /

Set serveroutput on;

declare
Cursor cur_policy is
select cm.policy_code, cm.applicant_id, cm.period_prem,cm.bank_code,cm.bank_account
from t_contract_master cm
where cm.liability_state = 2
and cm.policy_type = 1
and cm.policy_cate in ('2','3','4')
and rownum < 5
order by cm.policy_code desc;
Begin
For rec_Policy in cur_policy loop
Dbms_Output.put_line(rec_policy.policy_code);
end loop;
Exception
when others then
Dbms_Output.put_line(Sqlerrm);

end;

/

run pl/sql,执行结果如下：
Sql代码 SQL> 8780203932 8780203227 8780203218 8771289268 PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

SQL>

8780203932
8780203227
8780203218
8771289268

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

3． Ref Cursor（动态游标）：
1） 与隐式Cursor,显式Cursor的区别：Ref Cursor是可以通过在运行期间传递参数来获取数据结果集。而另外两种Cursor，是静态的，在编译期间就决定数据结果集。
2） Ref cursor的使用:
 Type [Cursor type name] is ref cursor
 Define 动态的Sql语句
 Open cursor
 操作数据---Fetch [Cursor name]
 Close Cursor
下面是一个Sample：
Sql代码 Set serveroutput on; Declare ---define cursor type name type cur_type is ref cursor; cur_policy cur_type; sqlStr varchar2(500); rec_policy t_contract_master%rowtype; begin ---define 动态Sql sqlStr := 'select cm.policy_code, cm.applicant_id, cm.period_prem,cm.bank_code,cm.bank_account from t_contract_master cm where cm.liability_state = 2 and cm.policy_type = 1 and cm.policy_cate in (2,3,4) and rownum < 5 order by cm.policy_code desc '; ---Open Cursor open cur_policy for sqlStr; loop fetch cur_policy into rec_policy.policy_code, rec_policy.applicant_id, rec_policy.period_prem,rec_policy.bank_code,rec_policy.bank_account; exit when cur_policy%notfound; Dbms_Output.put_line('Policy_code:'||rec_policy.policy_code); end loop; close cur_policy; end; /

Set serveroutput on;

Declare
---define cursor type name
type cur_type is ref cursor;
cur_policy cur_type;
sqlStr varchar2(500);
rec_policy t_contract_master%rowtype;
begin
---define 动态Sql
sqlStr := 'select cm.policy_code, cm.applicant_id, cm.period_prem,cm.bank_code,cm.bank_account from t_contract_master cm
where cm.liability_state = 2
and cm.policy_type = 1
and cm.policy_cate in (2,3,4)
and rownum < 5
order by cm.policy_code desc ';
---Open Cursor
open cur_policy for sqlStr;
loop
fetch cur_policy into rec_policy.policy_code, rec_policy.applicant_id, rec_policy.period_prem,rec_policy.bank_code,rec_policy.bank_account;
exit when cur_policy%notfound;

Dbms_Output.put_line('Policy_code:'||rec_policy.policy_code);

end loop;
close cur_policy;

end;
/

4.常见Exception
Sql代码 1. 错 误 名 称 错误代码 错 误 含 义
2. CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN ORA_06511 试图打开已经打开的游标
3. INVALID_CURSOR ORA_01001 试图使用没有打开的游标
4. DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX ORA_00001 保存重复值到惟一索引约束的列中
5. ZERO_DIVIDE ORA_01476 发生除数为零的除法错误
6. INVALID_NUMBER ORA_01722 试图对无效字符进行数值转换
7. ROWTYPE_MISMATCH ORA_06504 主变量和游标的类型不兼容
8. VALUE_ERROR ORA_06502 转换、截断或算术运算发生错误
9. TOO_MANY_ROWS ORA_01422 SELECT…INTO…语句返回多于一行的数据
10. NO_DATA_FOUND ORA_01403 SELECT…INTO…语句没有数据返回
11. TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE ORA_00051 等待资源时发生超时错误
12. TRANSACTION_BACKED_OUT ORA_00060 由于死锁，提交失败
13. STORAGE_ERROR ORA_06500 发生内存错误
14. PROGRAM_ERROR ORA_06501 发生PL/SQL内部错误
15. NOT_LOGGED_ON ORA_01012 试图操作未连接的数据库
16. LOGIN_DENIED ORA_01017 在连接时提供了无效用户名或口令