Linq To Sql进阶系列（一）-从映射讲起

本系列，或多或少，直接或间接依赖入门系列知识。但，依然追求独立成章。因本文作者水平有限，文中错误难免，敬请读者指出并谅解。本系列将会和入门并存。

案例

某君被邀为一超市设计数据库，用来存储数据。该君根据该超市中实际出现的对象，设计了Customer, Employee，Order, Product等表，用来保存相应的客户，员工，订单，货品等。太好了，该君很有oo的思想吗。

如果，你被要求用类及对象，来描述该关系型数据，你该如何做呢？在linq推出之前，ADO.NET被用来做数据访问层。而后，程序员需要自己去编写事务逻辑层中所出现的类。比如，Customer, Employee，Order, Product等。然后，程序员组装所需的sql语句，通过ADO.NET，将返回的记录，来初始化Customer等类的对象。在这里，你已经自己动手将Customer表和Customer类关联了起来。从Linq To Sql的设计来看，它主要是为了解决data!=objects 的问题而产生的。现在，有了Table和Class之间的映射，数据和对象之间就可以有一个一一对应的关系了。

在Linq To Sql之前，在java领域有Hibernate，在net领域有NHibernate技术，来实现object/relational 持久和查询服务。无论是Hibernate还是NHibernate，其配置复杂，上手时间长，已经不能适应快速开发的需要。而Linq To Sql的推出，恰恰弥补了它们的缺点，彻底降低了程序开发门槛。

Linq

Linq是Language Integrated Query的缩写。Linq To Sql是linq中的一部分，其与ADO.NET Orcas的关系入下。

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?>

<Database Name="northwind" Class="Northwind" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/linqtosql/dbml/2007">

<Table Name="dbo.Categories" Member="Categories">

<Type Name="Categories">

<Column Name="CategoryID" Type="System.Int32" DbType="Int NOT NULL IDENTITY" IsPrimaryKey="true" IsDbGenerated="true" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="CategoryName" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(15) NOT NULL" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="Description" Type="System.String" DbType="NText" CanBeNull="true" UpdateCheck="Never" />

<Column Name="Picture" Type="System.Data.Linq.Binary" DbType="Image" CanBeNull="true" UpdateCheck="Never" />

<Association Name="FK_Products_Categories" Member="Products" OtherKey="CategoryID" Type="Products" DeleteRule="NO ACTION" />

</Type>

</Table>

<Table Name="dbo.CustomerCustomerDemo" Member="CustomerCustomerDemo">

<Type Name="CustomerCustomerDemo">

<Column Name="CustomerID" Type="System.String" DbType="NChar(5) NOT NULL" IsPrimaryKey="true" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="CustomerTypeID" Type="System.String" DbType="NChar(10) NOT NULL" IsPrimaryKey="true" CanBeNull="false" />

<Association Name="FK_CustomerCustomerDemo" Member="CustomerDemographics" ThisKey="CustomerTypeID" Type="CustomerDemographics" IsForeignKey="true" />

<Association Name="FK_CustomerCustomerDemo_Customers" Member="Customers" ThisKey="CustomerID" Type="Customers" IsForeignKey="true" />

</Type>

</Table>

<Table Name="dbo.CustomerDemographics" Member="CustomerDemographics">

<Type Name="CustomerDemographics">

<Column Name="CustomerTypeID" Type="System.String" DbType="NChar(10) NOT NULL" IsPrimaryKey="true" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="CustomerDesc" Type="System.String" DbType="NText" CanBeNull="true" UpdateCheck="Never" />

<Association Name="FK_CustomerCustomerDemo" Member="CustomerCustomerDemo" OtherKey="CustomerTypeID" Type="CustomerCustomerDemo" DeleteRule="NO ACTION" />

</Type>

</Table>

<Table Name="dbo.Customers" Member="Customers">

<Type Name="Customers">

<Column Name="CustomerID" Type="System.String" DbType="NChar(5) NOT NULL" IsPrimaryKey="true" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="CompanyName" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(40) NOT NULL" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="ContactName" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(30)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="ContactTitle" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(30)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="Address" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(60)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="City" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(15)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="Region" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(15)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="PostalCode" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(10)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="Country" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(15)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="Phone" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(24)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="Fax" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(24)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Association Name="FK_CustomerCustomerDemo_Customers" Member="CustomerCustomerDemo" OtherKey="CustomerID" Type="CustomerCustomerDemo" DeleteRule="NO ACTION" />

<Association Name="FK_Orders_Customers" Member="Orders" OtherKey="CustomerID" Type="Orders" DeleteRule="NO ACTION" />

</Type>

</Table>

<Table Name="dbo.Employees" Member="Employees">

<Type Name="Employees">

<Column Name="EmployeeID" Type="System.Int32" DbType="Int NOT NULL IDENTITY" IsPrimaryKey="true" IsDbGenerated="true" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="LastName" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(20) NOT NULL" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="FirstName" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(10) NOT NULL" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="Title" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(30)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="TitleOfCourtesy" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(25)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="BirthDate" Type="System.DateTime" DbType="DateTime" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="HireDate" Type="System.DateTime" DbType="DateTime" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="Address" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(60)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="City" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(15)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="Region" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(15)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="PostalCode" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(10)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="Country" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(15)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="HomePhone" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(24)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="Extension" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(4)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="Photo" Type="System.Data.Linq.Binary" DbType="Image" CanBeNull="true" UpdateCheck="Never" />

<Column Name="Notes" Type="System.String" DbType="NText" CanBeNull="true" UpdateCheck="Never" />

<Column Name="ReportsTo" Type="System.Int32" DbType="Int" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="PhotoPath" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(255)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Association Name="FK_Employees_Employees" Member="ReportsToEmployees" ThisKey="ReportsTo" Type="Employees" IsForeignKey="true" />

<Association Name="FK_Employees_Employees" Member="Employee" OtherKey="ReportsTo" Type="Employees" DeleteRule="NO ACTION" />

<Association Name="FK_EmployeeTerritories_Employees" Member="EmployeeTerritories" OtherKey="EmployeeID" Type="EmployeeTerritories" DeleteRule="NO ACTION" />

<Association Name="FK_Orders_Employees" Member="Orders" OtherKey="EmployeeID" Type="Orders" DeleteRule="NO ACTION" />

</Type>

</Table>

<Table Name="dbo.EmployeeTerritories" Member="EmployeeTerritories">

<Type Name="EmployeeTerritories">

<Column Name="EmployeeID" Type="System.Int32" DbType="Int NOT NULL" IsPrimaryKey="true" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="TerritoryID" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(20) NOT NULL" IsPrimaryKey="true" CanBeNull="false" />

<Association Name="FK_EmployeeTerritories_Employees" Member="Employees" ThisKey="EmployeeID" Type="Employees" IsForeignKey="true" />

<Association Name="FK_EmployeeTerritories_Territories" Member="Territories" ThisKey="TerritoryID" Type="Territories" IsForeignKey="true" />

</Type>

</Table>

<Table Name="dbo.Order Details" Member="OrderDetails">

<Type Name="OrderDetails">

<Column Name="OrderID" Type="System.Int32" DbType="Int NOT NULL" IsPrimaryKey="true" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="ProductID" Type="System.Int32" DbType="Int NOT NULL" IsPrimaryKey="true" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="UnitPrice" Type="System.Decimal" DbType="Money NOT NULL" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="Quantity" Type="System.Int16" DbType="SmallInt NOT NULL" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="Discount" Type="System.Single" DbType="Real NOT NULL" CanBeNull="false" />

<Association Name="FK_Order_Details_Orders" Member="Orders" ThisKey="OrderID" Type="Orders" IsForeignKey="true" />

<Association Name="FK_Order_Details_Products" Member="Products" ThisKey="ProductID" Type="Products" IsForeignKey="true" />

</Type>

</Table>

<Table Name="dbo.Orders" Member="Orders">

<Type Name="Orders">

<Column Name="OrderID" Type="System.Int32" DbType="Int NOT NULL IDENTITY" IsPrimaryKey="true" IsDbGenerated="true" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="CustomerID" Type="System.String" DbType="NChar(5)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="EmployeeID" Type="System.Int32" DbType="Int" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="OrderDate" Type="System.DateTime" DbType="DateTime" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="RequiredDate" Type="System.DateTime" DbType="DateTime" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="ShippedDate" Type="System.DateTime" DbType="DateTime" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="ShipVia" Type="System.Int32" DbType="Int" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="Freight" Type="System.Decimal" DbType="Money" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="ShipName" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(40)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="ShipAddress" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(60)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="ShipCity" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(15)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="ShipRegion" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(15)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="ShipPostalCode" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(10)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="ShipCountry" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(15)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Association Name="FK_Order_Details_Orders" Member="OrderDetails" OtherKey="OrderID" Type="OrderDetails" DeleteRule="NO ACTION" />

<Association Name="FK_Orders_Customers" Member="Customers" ThisKey="CustomerID" Type="Customers" IsForeignKey="true" />

<Association Name="FK_Orders_Employees" Member="Employees" ThisKey="EmployeeID" Type="Employees" IsForeignKey="true" />

<Association Name="FK_Orders_Shippers" Member="Shippers" ThisKey="ShipVia" Type="Shippers" IsForeignKey="true" />

</Type>

</Table>

<Table Name="dbo.Products" Member="Products">

<Type Name="Products">

<Column Name="ProductID" Type="System.Int32" DbType="Int NOT NULL IDENTITY" IsPrimaryKey="true" IsDbGenerated="true" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="ProductName" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(40) NOT NULL" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="SupplierID" Type="System.Int32" DbType="Int" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="CategoryID" Type="System.Int32" DbType="Int" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="QuantityPerUnit" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(20)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="UnitPrice" Type="System.Decimal" DbType="Money" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="UnitsInStock" Type="System.Int16" DbType="SmallInt" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="UnitsOnOrder" Type="System.Int16" DbType="SmallInt" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="ReorderLevel" Type="System.Int16" DbType="SmallInt" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="Discontinued" Type="System.Boolean" DbType="Bit NOT NULL" CanBeNull="false" />

<Association Name="FK_Order_Details_Products" Member="OrderDetails" OtherKey="ProductID" Type="OrderDetails" DeleteRule="NO ACTION" />

<Association Name="FK_Products_Categories" Member="Categories" ThisKey="CategoryID" Type="Categories" IsForeignKey="true" />

<Association Name="FK_Products_Suppliers" Member="Suppliers" ThisKey="SupplierID" Type="Suppliers" IsForeignKey="true" />

</Type>

</Table>

<Table Name="dbo.Region" Member="Region">

<Type Name="Region">

<Column Name="RegionID" Type="System.Int32" DbType="Int NOT NULL" IsPrimaryKey="true" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="RegionDescription" Type="System.String" DbType="NChar(50) NOT NULL" CanBeNull="false" />

<Association Name="FK_Territories_Region" Member="Territories" OtherKey="RegionID" Type="Territories" DeleteRule="NO ACTION" />

</Type>

</Table>

<Table Name="dbo.Shippers" Member="Shippers">

<Type Name="Shippers">

<Column Name="ShipperID" Type="System.Int32" DbType="Int NOT NULL IDENTITY" IsPrimaryKey="true" IsDbGenerated="true" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="CompanyName" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(40) NOT NULL" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="Phone" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(24)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Association Name="FK_Orders_Shippers" Member="Orders" OtherKey="ShipVia" Type="Orders" DeleteRule="NO ACTION" />

</Type>

</Table>

<Table Name="dbo.Suppliers" Member="Suppliers">

<Type Name="Suppliers">

<Column Name="SupplierID" Type="System.Int32" DbType="Int NOT NULL IDENTITY" IsPrimaryKey="true" IsDbGenerated="true" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="CompanyName" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(40) NOT NULL" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="ContactName" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(30)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="ContactTitle" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(30)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="Address" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(60)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="City" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(15)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="Region" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(15)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="PostalCode" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(10)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="Country" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(15)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="Phone" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(24)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="Fax" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(24)" CanBeNull="true" />

<Column Name="HomePage" Type="System.String" DbType="NText" CanBeNull="true" UpdateCheck="Never" />

<Association Name="FK_Products_Suppliers" Member="Products" OtherKey="SupplierID" Type="Products" DeleteRule="NO ACTION" />

</Type>

</Table>

<Table Name="dbo.Territories" Member="Territories">

<Type Name="Territories">

<Column Name="TerritoryID" Type="System.String" DbType="NVarChar(20) NOT NULL" IsPrimaryKey="true" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="TerritoryDescription" Type="System.String" DbType="NChar(50) NOT NULL" CanBeNull="false" />

<Column Name="RegionID" Type="System.Int32" DbType="Int NOT NULL" CanBeNull="false" />

<Association Name="FK_EmployeeTerritories_Territories" Member="EmployeeTerritories" OtherKey="TerritoryID" Type="EmployeeTerritories" DeleteRule="NO ACTION" />

<Association Name="FK_Territories_Region" Member="Region" ThisKey="RegionID" Type="Region" IsForeignKey="true" />

</Type>

</Table>

</Database>

也可以使用该dbml生成code，命令如下,可以用language选项，控制生成vb.net或c#语言的代码。

sqlmetal YourDbml.dbml /code: nwind.cs

在C#3.0入门系列（七）--之OR工具介绍 一文中，我们介绍了OR Designer工具，它生成的就是dbml，可以使用记事本打开DataClasses1.dbml 文件来看。有些属性，是无法从数据库中抽提出来的，比如继承，等。而我们又想对其映射做继承，就需要我们自己手工去修改dbml。好在OR Designer提供这些功能（以后再介绍）。

关系型数据的映射

数据间的关系，有2种基本关系。1: 1 和1: M。可以参阅C# 3.0入门系列（二）一文，查阅northwind数据库中的关系图。本文用Order 和Order Detail 表，来阐述其关系的映射。Order 为订单，Order Detail 为订单详情。其关系形式为，一条Order记录对应多条Order Detail 记录。

你可以在上面产生的code中，找到相应的order类，其中有这么一段

[Table(Name="Orders")]

public partial class Order : INotifyPropertyChanging, INotifyPropertyChanged

[Table(Name="Order Details")]

public partial class OrderDetail : INotifyPropertyChanging, INotifyPropertyChanged

{

private EntityRef<Order> _Order;

[Association(Name="Order_OrderDetail", Storage="_Order", ThisKey="OrderID", IsForeignKey=true)]

public Order Order

{

get

{

return this._Order.Entity;

}

set

{

Order previousValue = this._Order.Entity;

if (((previousValue != value)

|| (this._Order.HasLoadedOrAssignedValue == false)))

{

this.SendPropertyChanging();

if ((previousValue != null))

{

this._Order.Entity = null;

previousValue.OrderDetails.Remove(this);

}

this._Order.Entity = value;

if ((value != null))

{

value.OrderDetails.Add(this);

this._OrderID = value.OrderID;

}

else

{

this._OrderID = default(int);

}

this.SendPropertyChanged("Order");

}

}

}

}
也就是说Order 在OrderDetail类中，是以EntityRef出现的。这样，在关系双方的各端，我们使用EntityRef和EntitySet来表示其关系。简言之，One在Many端，以EntityRef出现，而Many在One端，以EntitySet出现。上例中，在property 中，因其返回的是this._Order.Entity，直接返回的是Order。

对于1:1的关系，双双彼此在各自的类中，均以EntityRef出现。大家可以自己试。这样，Order和 OrderDetail

的关系，在各自的类中，都有了体现。体现方式的不同，反映了它们关系主体的不同。

TrackBack:http://www.cnblogs.com/126/archive/2007/07/11/813218.html